Online Education and Pragmatism

Online Education and Pragmatism Impact of Online Education and Adult Education and Connection with John Dewey’s Pragmatism The standards and worldview of instruction has changed drastically. An ever increasing number of individuals comprehend the significance of the instruction and need to get great information by methods for going to a lofty school at any age. Accordingly, apparently grown-up training and online instruction as the imaginative structures for learning are in demand.Advertising We will compose a custom article test on Online Education and Pragmatism explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More The fundamental thought of this paper is to consider the impact of online training and grown-up training on the worldview of the social learning structure, interface these types of concentrating with John Dewey’s practicality and decipher the issue from an alternate philosophical point of view. In this way, online instruction is considered as the concentrating based on the creative advan cements which happen on the Internet and depends on the standards of individual removed learning. Grown-up training doesn't contrast enormously from conventional for the most part acknowledged classes with the distinctions that they are gone to by grown-ups and are planned for extending their school instruction or developing it is a specific working circle. Dewey was certain that there ought to be the challenge between customary training and dynamic, as on the web and grown-up, as he used to state that â€Å"that the issue runs further than a simple conflict between supporters of dynamic instruction and conventional education† and the endeavors must be taken â€Å"to resolve the dualism that at last partitioned and broke the soul of the dynamic training movement† (Schubert, 2006, p. 79). Accordingly, it might be reasoned that considering Dewey’s hypothesis, the creative instruction is to be conversely with the customary one until the particular advances are not taken. John Dewey’s realism might be shrouded in the accompanying, If a hypothesis has no effect in instructive undertaking, it must be counterfeit. The instructive perspective empowers one to conceive the rational issues where they emerge and flourish, where acknowledgment or dismissal has any kind of effect by and by. In the event that we are eager to consider instruction as the way toward framing key miens, scholarly and enthusiastic, toward nature and individual men, reasoning may even be characterized as the general hypothesis of training (in Saito, 2006, p. 345).Advertising Looking for article on instruction? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Interpretation of the Issue from a Different Philosophical Perspective One of the principle thoughts of the Dewey’s reasoning is that instruction ought to be changed because of the adjustments in the general public. The law based connection to training should turn int o a need. Along these lines, the online instruction and grown-up training are actually what Dewey was discussing. Notwithstanding, it is conceivable to think about these sorts of instruction from different points of view. Subsequently, Cavell is certain that the distinction ought to be made through language and the training ought to address students. The fundamental contrast from the Dewey’s instruction is that Cavell offers to make distinction through encouraging that might be utilized in web based learning and grown-up training. In this manner, it ought to be expressed that despite the fact that Dewey and Cavell needed to apply distinctive logical thinker speculations, they needed to make training not quite the same as conventional, to introduce inventive thoughts which might be useful in having any kind of effect. The methods of reasoning of Dewey and Cavell match as they are planned for making distinction, yet they are additionally different as the sober mindedness of Dew ey is that he discusses instruction, while Cavell addresses the students. Online instruction and grown-up learning may apply to the hypotheses of these researchers. Reference List Saito, N. (2006). Reasoning as Education and Education as Philosophy: Democracy and Education from Dewey to Cavell. Diary of Philosophy of Education, 40(3), 345-356. Schubert, W. H. (2006). Showing John Dewey as an Utopian Pragmatist While Learning from My Students. Instruction Culture, 22(1), 78-83.

ottoman empire essays

stool realm papers The Ottoman Empire was established in the late thirteenth century and last until the mid twentieth century. This realm was one of historys most noteworthy military empires(564 McKay, Hill, Buckler) that was revolved around the current day nation of Turkey. The Ottoman Empire, once, at its pinnacle had controlled an immense zone stretching out from the Balkan Peninsula to the Middle East and North Africa in the sixteenth century. This was practiced under the standard of Suleiman the Magnificent. This domain was a Muslim based society. The Ottomans, otherwise called the Apostles of Islam, had not constrained the vanquished Christians to change over to Islam. Rather they needed to pay an uncommon survey charge called the cizye. These non-muslims that paid the duty were conceded an agreement of insurance called the dhimma. The ruler, the pioneer of the Ottoman Empire, abused the land and the individuals of his realm as he saw fit. Everybody was a captive to the king. There was no close to home landholding; everything had a place with the king. The king likewise imposed a yearly assessment of one to 3,000 male kids on the Christians. These kids were taken to Turkey and raised as Muslims and prepared to battle and regulate. A portion of these kids ascended to the positions of the Sultans administration. The others shaped a tip top gathering of the Sultans armed force called the Janissary Corps. The Janissaries were represented by various laws and had the benefit of ensuring the king. There commitment to such train had made them an amazing armed force permitting them to vanquish and administer the most remarkable domain on the planet during the sixteenth century. ... <!

Childhood Protection And Welfare In Australia Example

Childhood Protection And Welfare In Australia Example Childhood Protection And Welfare In Australia â€" Essay Example > AbstractAs the world continues to change and grow with each passing day, children’s interests continue to be given increasing priority. This is because over the years, people have realized how important it is to give a strong background to children’s lives from a very early age because they are seen as the future of the nation. IntroductionThe term childhood protection and welfare encompasses a number of services that are provided for children. This include care centers for children, kindergartens, baby sitting services, emergency child care services, early learning programs and many others. This paper focuses on the child care program in Australia. It highlights the history of child care, how it has grown over the years, the current influences of this service on the community and the country as a whole and the challenges faced in terms of providing quality services for children. Child care services were established help parents and guardians to care for their children as they go about their daily activities (Hertzman 56). Children are left with care givers as their parents work to provide for their families and help the national economy grow. In addition, care givers equip children with skills and values that help them grow up to be responsible members of the society. France was the first country to come up with day care services. This was in the mid 18th century. The United States quickly followed suit a few years later. This was during the era of the industrial revolution when industrializing countries required all the manpower they could get to meet their targets (Folbre 211). Therefore, both men and women were required to work. As the parents worked, someone had to be left to care for their children. In the U. S, child care services were initially provided by charitable organizations as parents went to work in factories Influence from France and the U. S spread far and wide with other nations like Britain Germany and Australia adopting the new ser vice soon after (Folbre 213). The establishment of day care in Australia was due to a number of reasons. These included social, cultural and economic factors that influenced the growth of this service. Before the industrial revolution in the 18th century and the beginning of globalization in the 20th century, Australians lived simple lives in closely knit family units. The whole family worked mainly on farms and child care was the responsibility of the mother. As time went by, this changed. People turned away from farming and opted for jobs in cities (Folbre 217). As the economy of the nation changed, social life also began to change. Establishment of quality education for girls helped them to realize their potential and this elevated the place of women in society (Mouzos and Makkai 311). Laws passed by parliament advocated for gender equality and equal rights for all. Women realized that they could pursue their interests as men did instead of being the full time care givers (Mouz os and Makkai 345) People began to take a greater interest in recreational activities and self improvement. Focus was slowly shifted away from the family unit. Parents then began to look for a way to manage their jobs and social lives as well as to provide care for their children. These factors influenced the growth of child care. Child care initially started in the cities and then spread to smaller towns as people began to look for employment aside from working on their farms (Folbre 277). At first, child care was left to mothers who had no jobs, older siblings and relatives like grandmothers and aunts. They would care for the children until the parents returned from work. This arrangement was not of great benefit to the children themselves because not much constructive work was done and there was not much that they could learn from these caregivers since they were untrained. As parents began to realize the importance of quality education and care from a tender age, the need for child registered daycare services grew (Hertzman 108). These services now give parents and guardians the option of leaving their children in the able hands of a qualified care giver as they work. Moreover, the services include programs that provide education for children of different ages and instill positive qualities and values in them (Hertzman 112).

Children Should Not Fear Their Parents - 1908 Words

â€Å"A cute little kid is playing in the playground, not even worried about a thing. The child is smiling from ear to ear and running around having so much fun like a little kid should be. But when the child goes home, the child gets yelled at, hit on and brutally beaten up by his own parents for no reason. She ends up with bruises, and cuts all on her body. She is crying because of all the pain and she has so much fear towards her parents. Is that something a child deserves? Absolutely not!† This here is a very true story and very common when it comes to children that are getting abused at home. They do not even see it coming. Sad part is most of these children do not get the help they need when they are behind doors. â€Å"Children should not fear their parents, but instead, should develop a respect for their parents and their rules for the household.† (Abuse and Discipline) This is a very great way that most children should be towards their parents because when you teach a child from right and wrong then they will know that a consequence will follow up if they are being rebel against or breaking their rules. So they will know that they are going to get a punishment if they break a rule. When a parent and a child respect each other they have a great relationship! They have that bond that most parents and children should have. Instead of having being neglected and or having an abusive relationship with a child. In our minds, we know that discipline is a strict way to control andShow MoreRelatedParents Fears Of Immunization For Their Children Essay1341 Words   |  6 Pages　　　　Parents Fears of Immunization for their Children 　　　　Parents there are a lot of different opinions to rather or now vaccinate their children. Parents also do a lot of research regarding the vaccines. Being that vaccine is a preventative agent that helps protect from disease like smallpox, hepatitis, and TB test is weakened antibodies trying to make a defense of immunity to the disease that you may come in contact with. There are also many other immunization that parents need to research aboutRead MoreThe Root of Children’s Nightmares1039 Words   |  4 PagesEvents of a person’s day can be incorporated into dreams (O’Connor). In fact, nightmares are closely intertwined with a person’s own fears and bad experiences. Nightmares can be a form of post-traumatic stress disorder and result from fears, tribulations, and memories. A major threat to a peaceful sleep is the media, and people, especially parents of young children, must closely monitor exposure to violence depicted in t he media. â€Å"Nightmares can happen for no known reason although they sometimesRead MoreWhy Spanking Children Is Wrong1453 Words   |  6 PagesWhy Spanking Children is Wrong Parents have been spanking their children for hundreds of years, but recently this practice has come into question. The concern is not regarding the effectiveness of spanking but the correctness of spanking. Parents should not be allowed to strike their children. Child abuse is defined as any unnecessary or intentional physical or emotional or sexual mistreatment of children. Spanking is not the only method of child discipline. Spanking is not even the most effectiveRead MoreEmotional Response Created by Sparation1136 Words   |  5 Pagesteachers and parents is the fear that the teacher will replace parents in their children’s affections. There are several conflicting emotions that the parent may have that contribute to this fear. One major conflicting emotion is competition. This includes compe tition in all areas. However, the main competition is for the child’s affection. The competition is intensified due to the child being attached to both the parent and the provider. Another emotion is insecurity. Parents can feel insecureRead MoreThe Importance Of Family Bonds And Support995 Words   |  4 Pagessystem affects children by at staggering rates in our country. Although not every prisoner has children, one can assume that half of the nation’s prisoners have at least one child. This simple deduction would leave 3,425,000 with an incarcerated parent. During childhood, the impact a parent has on a child’s emotional and mental shapes their daily lives. When a child faces life with an incarcerated parent, they face separation for a period of months to years. Given the amount of children affected byRead MoreDeal Book Essay1524 Words   |  7 Pagesbook gives single parents an ideal of what to expect when dating. When a person has children sometimes it difficult to find a date, even to find time to date someone. Ron L. Deal has come up with different guidelines to help a single person find love in all the right places. Getting Past Butter flies and Warm Fuzzies God made people to be loved. Some people have the longing desire to be loved and married one day while others do not have the desire to have a marriage. When a parent wants again to findRead MorePsychological And Physical Side Effects On Children Essay1468 Words   |  6 Pagesphysical side effects in the involved children. Typically, children enter into an emotional state of fear and anxiety resulting from the monumental changes occurring within their environmental and family contexts. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) defines anxiety and fear as, â€Å"†¦the emotional response to real or perceived threats, whereas anxiety is anticipation of future threat† (American Psychiatric Association, 2013, p. 189). Children of divorce often experience bothRead MoreEffects Of Hearing Punishment On Children1563 Words   |  7 PagesFor numerous children they recall the abuse they have suffered. Meanwhile, others, more fort unate, will possibly recall time-outs or having a toy taken away. According to the Child Maltreatment 2014 report, â€Å"For 2014, a nationally estimated 1,580 children died of abuse and neglect at a rate of 2.13 per 100,000 children in the national population† (Child Maltreatment 2014). This rate is deplorable. More importantly, there is no reason children should suffer neglect or abuse. Many parents, unfortunatelyRead MoreLife As A Child During The Antebellum Era922 Words   |  4 Pagesthe antebellum era. The most evident struggle of these children is who to have the most loyalty to. Who should the child listen to when it comes to its survival? Should the child be loyal to the Master or its parents? This was the struggle between the will of the Owner and the wants of the parents. The struggle to gain the loyalty of the child typically would go to the parents except in a few cases where the child was raised away from its parents and in the owner’s house. Who has th e most influenceRead MoreWhat is Emotional Abuse?1154 Words   |  5 PagesEmotional abuse refers to a pattern of behavior of the caregivers or parents, which interferes the cognitive, psychological, emotional as well as social development of the child in a serious or severe manner. Emotional child abuse therefore refers to a persistent and severe ill handling or treatment of the child by the caregiver or parent. Emotional abuse may be the only form of mental challenger the child is suffering from or it may be a combination of many other effects or child neglect. This may

Divorce And Divorce - 1479 Words

Divorce/ separation is one issue that I saw preeminent in my extended family. My grandmother, uncles, aunts, cousins and even myself, we had encounter divorce/separation. My nuclear and extended family is full Mexican, our culture is you marry the love of your life and live happily ever after. Apparently, that did not happen to myself or other members of my extended family. I growth with some believes that end up changing my perspective of marriage 360degreess. The importance of Marriage Hispanics children, specifically girls learn at a very early age the importance of marriage and family piety. As a result of their own devotion to family, Mexicans Americans are more likely than others in the US to marry at younger ages and have a more†¦show more content†¦I always highlight myself from others and marriage was not different I had a better income, title, position, car, than my ex-husband and he told me that the change of economic conditions, meaning me being better than him put him down. I do think this is important to note. I could not let myself be less or degrade just because another individual could not keep up what I was doing. Depression It was found, that the relationships between marital separation and high depression scores among both Anglos and Mexican Americans suggest that this class of life event is stressful for persons regardless of their social backgrounds. (Vega, W. A., Warheit, G. J., Meinhardt, K. 1984). Before I file for divorce I was separated and while that situation happened I was emotionally unstable and fall into severe depression. I never saw myself being divorce at 25 years old, or even feeling the loneliness that’s was consuming me. This has been the experience where I suffer and learn the most in my entire life. Challenges Divorcees may also experience anxiety and uncertainty over the challenges of restarting their lives ï ¬ nancially, emotionally, and socially. For all these reasons, divorced persons may be particularly vulnerable to feelings of depression and distress (Aseltine Kessler, 1993; Booth Amato, 1991). Is not just being sad about ending a relationship but everything that you put into. I try my best to keep the marriage together, but IShow MoreRelatedThe Divorce Of A Divorce941 Words   |  4 Pagesanymore. When they are unable to maintain their marriage, their solution is to choose is divorce. Divorce, is defined as, the legal dissolution of a marriage by a court or other competent body. In today’s society, divorce is more normal than ever before due to unhappy marriages. The effects of the divorce are emotional effects, financial problems, and direction to an improved lifestyle. When it comes to divorce there s so many emotions that are being effected in the situation such as depression, happinessRead MoreDivorce : The Divorce Rate1662 Words   |  7 PagesThe divorce rate, while fluctuating over time, has reached high percentages lately. As Coltrane and Adams posit, the high divorce rates are due in part to the fact that the expectations of marriage are high in high esteem. When it does not work out, people are anxious to try again to find the perfect partner. Divorce is what allows people that opportunity (Coltrane and Adams p. 201). However, the intricacies of divorce are complicated. Much of the conversation of divorce is focused on fault andRead MoreDivorce And The Divorce Process1471 Words   |  6 Pagesthe subject of divorce, it became very apparent that the stressors leading up to divorce, the entire legal process, adjusting to life afterward and everything in between, left little more than devastation in its wake. By and large, divorce is incred ibly taxing on several fronts. We will discuss the emotional ramifications of divorce for spouses and children, what environmental factors contribute strongest to the dissolution of marriage, what percentage of marriages end in divorce, and the estimationRead MoreThe Divorce Rate Of Divorce1123 Words   |  5 Pagesrelationship, therefore they choose divorce, which is one of the solutions to cope with problems between husband and wife. Furthermore, most people think carefully before they get marriage. However, the divorce rates trend to continually increase nowadays, thus it might be argued that divorces can be taken place easier than the past. In the United States, researchers estimate that 40%–50% of all first marriages, and 60% of second marriages, will end in divorce. Divorce has always been present in AmericanRead MoreThe Issue Of Divorce And Divorce Essay1672 Words   |  7 PagesIt is common gossip that half of marriages end in divorce. But this gossip is more true t han most would assume. One in every one hundred marriages in North Carolina as well as a genuine half of marriages across the United States end in divorce and, according to Jennifer Lansford, â€Å"50% of American children will experience their parents’ divorce† (140). This rate of separation is essentially a heads-or-tails on marriages to determine whether or not they will work out and if a child will be affectedRead MoreDivorce And Its Effect On Divorce2098 Words   |  9 PagesThe memories of divorce have never been more sorrowful to any age group than the children of divorced parents. Although a couple’s marriage vows usually include the phrase â€Å"till death do us part,† about half of all marriages end up in divorce (â€Å"Divorce†). The reasons for divorce could be very simple as well as they could be complex. Some reasons for divorce are adultery, simple arrogance, dishonesty, insecurity, domestic and sexual abuses. In some situation d ivorce may provide relief from theRead MoreThe Divorce Cycle : The Children Of Divorce986 Words   |  4 Pagesinterested in the topic: consequences in divorce. Being a child of divorced parents is something I have always thought about and how it will effect me later in life with my relationships. I wonder if I am more likely to have a divorce as well because my parents had one. I have found a couple articles that talk about this topic one titled, Understanding the Divorce Cycle: The Children of Divorce in their own Marriages and the another titled, Effects of Parental Divorce on Marital Commitment and ConfidenceRead MoreEffects Of Divorce On Children And Divorce1460 Words   |  6 PagesIn today’s world, most people accept divorce or separation as a way of life. Parents are unaware or do not understand the damage it can have on their children. However, in some instances, it is better to get out of an abusive relationship because that can be as toxic as divorce. On average, 50% of children who are born with married parents, will experience divorce before the age of 18 (Children and Divorce Baucom, 2010-2017). Along with divorce statistics, 40% of children in America are raisedRead MoreDivorce Rate And Divorce Rates1224 Words   |  5 PagesDivorce rate also known as divorce demography, which is the study of demographic factors that impact divorced as a social phenomenon, the divorce demography can clearly evaluate and reflect the marriage stability and happiness index of certain countries or area and that is the reason why data statistics of divorce rate is important. According to ONS (Office of National Statistics), the divorce rate has not been that low since 1974, when it was 0.9%. The number of divorces in 2014 was declined toRead MoreDivorce Effect On Children : Divorce1825 Words   |  8 PagesApril, 2016 Divorce Effect on Children Divorce seems to become more and more common nowadays. Divorce can be a simple or complicated process depending if children are involved. This process can have negative and positive effects in a child s life. A divorce is the legal process of a marriage coming apart. A divorce with children involve cost more and takes about eleven months for the marriage to end. The majority of the divorces happening in the United States involve children. Divorce has different

A Critique of the Crito and an Argument for Philosophical Anarchism Free Essays

string(209) " of the mugger and the unjust state, they suffer only in their reputation, losing the respect or fear and subsequent power they might have otherwise enjoyed, yet which, for their failure, they do not deserve\." A Critique of the Crito and an Argument for Philosophical Anarchism by Forrest Cameranesi In this essay I will present a summary and critique of Plato’s dialogue Crito, focusing especially on Socrates’ arguments in favor of his obligatory obedience to the Athenian state’s death sentence. In response I will argue the position that no one naturally holds any obligation to obey the arbitrary commands of another (or any body of others such as a state), and further that no one can come to hold such obligations even by contract; although people may still be obligated to obey commands issued to them, when what is commanded is obligatory independent of it being commanded by anyone. Thus I will argue that that if, as both Socrates and Crito presume, the command that Socrates be executed is contrary to true justice (that is, contrary to any natural moral obligations, independent of its legality), then Socrates has no obligation to obey it; and in fact those tasked to carry out the order are morally obligated to disobey it, and by their obedience become conspirators to a moral crime. We will write a custom essay sample on A Critique of the Crito and an Argument for Philosophical Anarchism or any similar topic only for you Order Now The dialogue begins with Socrates in prison, awakening to Crito’s presence in his cell, Crito having bribed the guards to gain entry. After brief pleasantries and some talk of when the day of Socrates’ execution will fall, Crito admits to Socrates that his purpose there is to free him from prison and take him abroad to Thessaly, which he assures him can be successfully done thanks to the aid of a number of foreign benefactors. But Socrates is hesitant to leave, believing himself obliged to remain and allow his punishment to be completed, even though his sentence, they both concede, is unjust. Still, Socrates is eager to be convinced otherwise, if Crito can do so by means of reason, and so Crito plies Socrates with many arguments in favor of his escape, arguing not only that it is possible and desirable to escape, and that Socrates could live well outside of Athens, but that it is the just thing to do: for the sake of the welfare of his children, who will suffer without his care; for the sake of standing fast against his enemies in the state of Athens, who are attempting to wrong him by this sentence; and for the sake of his friends’ reputations, which will be besmirched by those who know either Socrates nor his friends, and will think that Socrates died only because his friends could not or would not buy his freedom. But Socrates dismisses these arguments, especially the last, arguing at length that the opinions of the many are not a relevant consideration in any such decision; a very important argument, to which I will return later in this essay. For now the relev ant point is that Socrates’ only concern, in the question of whether or not to escape, is whether or not escaping is just; not what people at large may think of their decision or what other consequences may follow from it. On the topic of justice, and counter to Crito’s argument that Socrates is obliged to fight back against wrongs committed against him, Socrates suggests (and Crito accepts) the principle that to return harm for harm is harmful, to return evil for evil is evil, to return injustice for injustice is unjust, etc. ; and thus that such vengeance ought not be perpetrated, for it is just as harmful, evil and unjust as the act being avenged, and one must never do such wrongs. Socrates considers it harmful and unjust to the state to disobey its laws, and feels thus obligated to obey them instead, for to do otherwise would be harmful, unjust, and wrong; and here I disagree with Socrates. Though I accept his principle of justice, that one must not return wrongs in kind for to do so is merely to do more wrong, I do not believe that merely resisting attempted harm to oneself necessarily harms the attacker; and even if the attacker does suffer harm from the resistance it is as a result of his own wrongdoing, not any wrongdoing on the part of the defendant. If someone attempts to strike at me, I step out of his way, and he falls on his face as a consequence, I have not harmed him, although he has come to harm. If he attempts to strike at me, I hold up a shield, and he injures his fist upon it, I have not harmed him, although he has come to harm. Somewhat more analogously to the case at hand, â€Å"harm† may come to a street gang initiate whose initiation task is to mug me, inasmuch as he loses his status within the gang (and perhaps the gang itself loses status in the community), should I evade him and escape; but certainly I did not do that harm, though it was a consequence of my actions. Likewise, â€Å"harm† may come to the state as a consequence of successful disobedience against it, inasmuch as its power and thus its authority will be less respected, but this is not the same as the disobedient one directly harming the state, say in the way a foreign conqueror would. None of these situations involve doing anything directly to harm the aggressor, but rather only the consequences of the aggressor’s own actions failing. Thus, such resistance is not prohibited by the principle that one ought never do harm, for one is not doing harm merely by evading harm, even if harm indirectly results as a consequence of such evasion. Certainly we would not say that it is obligatory to allow oneself to be assaulted or robbed, even if we say that to retaliate in kind is forbidden. In all these circumstances, the aggressors are being harmed as a consequence of their own actions; and in the latter two cases, of the mugger and the unjust state, they suffer only in their reputation, losing the respect or fear and subsequent power they might have otherwise enjoyed, yet which, for their failure, they do not deserve. You read "A Critique of the Crito and an Argument for Philosophical Anarchism" in category "Essay examples" In my third example, as in the case before Socrates and Crito, the only loss suffered is a loss of reputation and the power that reputation often entails. This connection between reputation and power is an important facet of my argument, for it is self-evident to me that the only significant power the state itself has is its reputation, the respect and obedience that people give to it; with no obedient subjects to enforce its laws over those who are not so obedient, or with insufficient portions of the populace willing to tolerate such enforcement, the state would have no power. In fact I argue that in such a case the state would not exist; and really, that no states ever truly exist, in any strict sense. There are merely masses of people, with an assortment of opinions on what is good, bad, morally neutral, permissible, impermissible, and obligatory; all of whom exert whatever influence they can manage, by whatever means they find best, to see that their opinions on such matters are enforced — that justice, as they understand it, prevails. And when some person or block of people manages to secure sufficiently unchallenged influence ver the behavior of the other people in an area (that is, when sufficient people act to enforce one code of behavior and a sufficient portion of the remainder tolerate them), we falsely attribute the existence of some sort of social entity above and beyond the collection of individual people, and call that entity the â€Å"state†. But even a monarch only has his power because enough people believe in and support the monarchy, and enough of the remainder tolerate it; as has been demonstrated wherever a monarchy was overthrown from within by a democratic revolution. It is important to note, however, that this does not mean that democracy entails legitimacy; it only means that all states are on some deep level democratic, differing only in the degree that the people delegate their power to other people, in effect casting their vote as â€Å"whatever he says. † The prevailing opinions may still be entirely wrong; I merely claim that it will nearly always be the majority opinion which prevails. I say â€Å"nearly† because this phenomenon is dependent upon the relatively small differences in true personal power between most individuals, which are quickly diluted in larger groups, but still present in sufficiently small groups. A knight may be stronger and more skilled than any peasant, but it does not take many fed-up peasants working together to counter the power of that knight, so as the size of the group the knight is a part of grows, his relative power over the whole group decreases rapidly, unless it is bolstered by the support or at least tolerance of other members of the group. Thus for groups of any significant size, the differences in personal power between individuals can be safely ignored, and so the determining factor is not who supports a position but how many support it). The opinions of the people who encompass the legislature of this â€Å"state† — be it one person as in an absolute monarchy, some minority in an oligarchy, or the majority in a direct democracy — then become â€Å"the law†. Those things judged by such people as obligatory become required by law; those things judged as forbidden become prohibited by law; and those things judged as permissible are allowed by the law. But in any form of government, especially in a direct democracy such as ancient Athens, the laws of men are nothing but the opinions of men backed by power, that power resting ultimately in the will of the majority; the only differences between government thus being the degree and structure of power delegation, and what the opinions of those delegates are. With it thus established that states are no more than masses of people and their laws no more than the opinions of said people backed by power, not only do I object to Socrates’ insistence that he must be obedient to the state’s death sentence, but it is plainly obvious to me that Socrates himself ought to conclude this, if he was to be consistent with his own earlier position that the opinions of men, as such, are irrelevant, no matter what power they may be backed by. But why, my dear Crito, should we care about the opinion of the many? † says Socrates. â€Å"Good men †¦ are the only persons who are worth considering†. Crito eventually concedes this point, agreeing that the opinions of the many are irrelevant; only the opinions of good men matter. But what is it that makes a man good? Is that not part of what is at question here: which sorts of acts are right and which are wrong, which are just or unjust? (A good man, I take it, being one who acts ri ghtly or justly). Certainly being good cannot be merely being seen as good in the eyes of the many, or supporting the commands of the many, for then the opinions of the many and the opinions of good men could never conflict, as good men by definition would always be of the opinion that the majority is right; and Socrates’ statements differentiating their opinions would make no sense. So Socrates must agree that goodness is something objective, independent of the opinions of the many. Yet in the dialogue, after Socrates and Crito discuss at some length their agreement to disregard the opinions of the many in considering what ought or ought not be done, and to consider only what is or is not just, Socrates proclaims â€Å"From these premises I proceed to argue the question whether I ought or ought not to try to escape without the consent of the Athenians†. But from where does this concern for the consent of the Athenians come, when we have just disregarded the opinions of the many (in this case the many of Athens); for what is consent if not simply the opinion that something ought to be permitted? Socrates answers, in the voice of the Laws of Athens (speaking to him): â€Å"You, Socrates, are breaking the covenants and agreements which you made with us at your leisure, not in any haste or under any compulsion or deception, but having had seventy years to think of them, during which time you were at liberty to leave the city, if we were not to your mind, or if our covenants appeared to you to be unfair. In short, Socrates is concerned with his obedience to the people of Athens (or at least the government collectively representing them) because he feels he has implicitly agreed to be bound by the decisions of the Athenian government by remaining in the city. But in response I argue that no one can, by any contract implicit or explicit, alter the natural moral obligations which are binding on all men at all times. The most exemplary and broadly agreeable instantiation of this principle is that one cannot sell oneself into slavery, for all men have natural rights (which is to say, obligations naturally owed to them by others) which they cannot give up even if they so choose. For instance, if we grant that all are naturally obliged to refrain from striking me except in such instances as I consent to them doing so, then while I may vary whether or not I consent to be struck, and thus vary whether or not it is morally permissible to strike me at that moment, I cannot vary whether or not it is morally permissible to strike me contrary to my consent, for it is naturally obligatory that none do so. That is, I cannot, in a morally binding way, agree that â€Å"henceforth so-and-so may strike me as he pleases regardless of my consent at that moment†. Any such contract offering terms contrary to natural obligations is invalid; and thus contracts of slavery, whereby one waives all of ones natural rights (which is to say, all obligations naturally owed to oneself by others), are the epitome of invalid contracts. This relates to the situation at hand with Socrates and Crito in that a contract to obey the arbitrary commands of some entity (e. g. the state of Athens), provided only that they are issued forth in prescribed proper manner (e. . by the formal proceedings of the Athenian court) and otherwise irrespective of the contents of those commands, seems to me no different than a contract to slavery, with the entity in question (the state) as the slave master; for what is slavery but complete subjugation to the arbitrary will of another? Socrates himself admits this similarity, saying (once again in the voice of the Laws, speaking to himself) â€Å"can you deny in the first place that you are our child and slave? Yet Socrates has a reply here as well, already quoted above: he has had many years in which he was free to leave the city if he did not wish to be bound by its laws, and by remaining he has implicitly agreed to be bound by them. Certainly a man cannot be a slave if he is free to leave his bonds at any time. But I respond that even such â€Å"voluntary† bonds are contractually invalid, for remaining on the lands of another still does not make one subject to the arbitrary will of the landowner. The only obligation owed to the owner of some property, as such, is to refrain from acting upon his property contrary to his consent. Likewise the only punishment the property owner may apply simply for disobeying his commands (but not violating any natural obligations, e. g. harming someone or their property, which may warrant further punishment) is to refuse him the use of his property; in the case of land, ejecting him from the premises. By voluntarily entering and remaining in my home, my guests do not become subject to my arbitrary authority, to be enforced as I see fit; at most I have the authority to eject them from my home, if I grow tired of their presence there. Nor by voluntarily entering a corporate office do I become subject to the authority of the corporation, beyond the revocability of my permission to remain therein. Likewise, even if we grant that the city of Athens is the property of the state of Athens (i. e. of its people collectively, rather than parcelled out into individually owned plots), the greatest punishment morally justified simply for behaving in ways the state dislikes (but not in any way which is truly unjust) is banishment from the city. Thus, while the state may have the moral authority to forbid and punish legitimate injustices (which I agree it does, though no more so than any individual), it does not have the moral authority to enforce its arbitrary will upon those who reside within its borders; it merely has the authority to eject them from its lands if it chooses to do so, for which it needs no cause at all, if it is indeed the legitimate owner of those lands. Thus if Socrates truly believes that he has done nothing unjust, then he should not (if accepts my principle regarding contracts and natural obligations) feel subject to the punishment decreed for him, though he may concede the state’s authority to banish him, if he holds the state to be the legitimate owner of the city. I would further question whether it is right to presume that a state is the legitimate owner of its territory (rather than each citizen owning their own portion in private, as well as some public portions in common), and thus whether it even has the authority to banish the disobedient; but that is another lengthy topic, for which I do not have room in this essay. In conclusion, I see no reason for Socrates to consider the will of the people of Athens (as channeled via their government) binding pon him; and I believe he should seek an answer to the question at hand, whether or not to escape from his punishment, solely by asking whether he has done anything to warrant that punishment — and it appears that he believes he has not. There is no guarantee that his opinion on this matter is correct; the state of Athens may in fact be correct, and thus Socrtes’ punishment just. But to defer to the public opinion over one’s best judgment is never epistemologically sound. Men of reason do not turn to authority, even democratic authority, to answer questions of biology or chemistry or physics, but instead we appeal to evidence and sound logical arguments to determine the answers; and I see no reason why questions of ethics should be subject to any less rigorous and independent methodologies. By denying that any person, text, or institution has any special epistemic or alethic authority (the ability to magically divine or reveal the truth, or to create it by fiat), we do not deny the existence of objective truth. Nor by denying that any king, law book, or legislature has any special deontic authority (the ability to magically divine or reveal our obligations, or to create them by fiat) do we deny that there are objective standards of justice. In both cases we merely concede that we are all in the same standing regarding truth or justice, respectively; and we leave it to each individual to seek it for themselves, to sway others with arguments where they can, and to act upon it as they deem necessary or appropriate, regardless of decrees or prior agreements to the contrary. How to cite A Critique of the Crito and an Argument for Philosophical Anarchism, Essay examples

Marketing And Entreprenship

Question: Discuss about theMarketing And Entreprenship. Answer: Introduction: The Marketing of Water Aid Water Aid is a global non-profit organization which was established in the year 1981 as a response to the United Nation International Drinking Water and Sanitation. It is a charitable trust which was set up by United Kingdom Water Industry on 21st of July 1981. The organization remunerate to all their staff fairly and to benchmark themselves against other non-governmental organizations. The Board of Trustees includes a Remuneration Committee that reviews the policies of the people regarding payments and benefits (Reid, 2009). The salaries of the Chief Executive and directors were set with the reference to market data per individual role. Therefore, from the above salary structure, it is quite clear that Water Aid is also making profits or else how could they afford to provide those salaries. By 1987, the income of the organization exceeded one million per annum. In 2005-2006, the account recorded an income of twenty six million. In 2011-12, it increased to fifty five million in Unite d Kingdom. The critical understanding of the marketing of Water Aid is to know the customers and their needs. It is important for the cheese industry to build beneficial relationships with potential clients. Water Aid visits and surveys different places in the world, jots down the issues and challenges the people are facing regarding water and sanitation. Then they applies their marketing methods to improve their lives. The organization also follows the marketing mix model. With the help of this model, they involves their marketing strategy such as setting cheap price for those who incomes and providing free delivery of clean water to poor people. The Use of Billabong to Customers The organization Billabong International Limited is a surfing company which provides the clients with retailing products such as surfing watches and backpacks, snowboard, skateboards and other products of famous brands. The particular organization is an Australian Company. Their key influence on marketing consists of factors such as customer laws and choice along with their ethical considerations. The marketing objectives of Billabong is to increase their market shares as well as enhance the satisfaction of the customers. Therefore, they provides their clients with full range of surfing products. Consequently, the customer gets satisfied with surfing games by using their products. Billabong launched a digital marketing campaign in July 28 in order to feature their surfing contests and microsite (Herran and Thomas, 2004). The company designed I Surf because by working with the boutique collaborative agency named Design Royale. They launched because of customer acquisition effort. The general target of the company is 12-25 years clients who perform surfing professionally and also as an adventure. Their primary business goal is to acquire new young customers and today youngsters are more inclined to surfing games. Consequently, Billabong is able to make relationships with their targeted customers. The organization is also providing their clients with online facilities such as www.isurfbecause.com. In this website, the fans are asked to post their comments why they want and also love to surf. There are also fan pages on Facebook and Twitter. In this way, the company is also connected with the customers. Expanding Income in Northern Islands of New Zealand by Wensleydale Creamery Wensleydale is a cheese company which produces and provides cheese in Wensleydale, North Yorkshire, England. Presently, the organization became the largest commercial creameries throughout the United Kingdom. In New Zealand, cheese continued to lead within diary industry in 2015 with twenty-two percent of dairy value sales (More Wensleydale, Gromit?, 2013). The people of New Zealand are very fond of cheese as well as cheese related products. Recently, the consumer demand and awareness of cheese have increased and as a result, the variants of cheese has also increased. The consumer demands increased because population increased and for that people need to enhance their livelihood through increased production. Therefore, Wensleydale Creamery has a great opportunity to extend their market and profit in North Islands of New Zealand. Wensleydale Creamery can follow the marketing mix to expand their profit in North Islands of New Zealand. The marketing mix or the four Ps consists of produc t, promotion, place and price. At first, the organization should make such cheese products by which they can fulfill the demands of the customers. Since New Zealand is famous for cheese and so the company must produce high-quality products to achieve competitive advantage. Secondly, the promotion process of this organization includes advertising, media marketing, and giving ads in newspapers and so on. Wensleydale Creamery is looking to expand their cheese market in North Islands of New Zealand. The prices should be made according to the currency value of New Zealand. If the products are good, then the consumers will be willing to pay a high price for good cheese products. Besides that, Gourmet Cheese is famous all over the world, so Wensleydale Creamery should manufacture it on North Islands of New Zealand (McCloy, 2008). The company should also provide the customers with online shopping facilities which will include varieties of buying options for cheese. For example, customers can buy cheese slices with other ingredients such as salad Caprese, olive oils, Spanish nuts and gourmet crackers. The company can also sell wine and cheese pairings along with featuring local artist or musician. Cheese are lovable to all, and so there is no particular market segmentation. But Wensleydale must keep one thing in mind that most of the youngsters and middle aged persons consume cheese in huge amount. In this way, Wensleydale Creamery can achieve their target market in North Islands of New Zealand. It is important for the company to make a marketing plan, SWOT analysis and cost effective marketing to grip the cheese market of New Zealand firmly because Evansdale C heese and Open Country Dairy has presently captured the market. Good strategies are required to accomplish the competitive advantage. It will be best for the company if they first run the business by creating joint ventures with local businesses to get manpower and quality resources. It is recommended to keep Wensleydale Creamerys original taste. The company can also install small stalls at the northern corners of New Zealand and sell cheese products. Consequently, it will help them to promote their brand. References Herran, J. and Thomas, R. (2004). Surfing. Philadelphia: Chelsea House. McCloy, N. (2008). Made in New Zealand. Auckland, N.Z.: Random House. More Wensleydale, Gromit?. (2013). BDJ, 215(1), pp.9-9. Reid, T. (2009). Biophysics: Water aid. Nature China.

Unreliable First Person In Life Of Pi English Literature Essay free essay sample

The storyteller is the line of life to storytelling. Without a trustworthy and dependable storyteller, readers question what is being told. Novels that experience undependable first individual storytellers that cloud facts and manipulate readers cause an array of issues. Without a guiding manus that non merely embraces the reader with candidly and dependently, the connexion between what is existent and what is twisted is unsure. Life of Pi, The Gathering, and Midnight s Children all experience the fickle first individual storyteller ; because of this point of position, readers invariably have to fight in linking to the character s motivations, beliefs, and narratives. When novels are told with misrepresentation, the relationship of trust between the reader and storyteller diminishes. It is of import that the relationship remains consentaneous, otherwise, involvement is lost. Analyzing and comparing first individual narrative in each of the novels, it will be proven that the point of position contaminates the dependability and in bend, forces readers to step back with uncertainty and incredulity of purposes, facts, events, and emotions. We will write a custom essay sample on Unreliable First Person In Life Of Pi English Literature Essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page To get down with, the storyteller s voice in The Gathering distracts readers from the narrative s chief quandary: recalling and patching together Liam s molestation and decoding how that affected his decease. Yet, Veronica, through remembering past events from her position, merely confuses the readers when their focal point should be on Liam. Because Veronica is stating the narrative about her brother, readers are diffident whether she excessively was molested. The deficiency of certainty from her memory creates a cloudy narrative where Liam, who is the narrative s Muse, is left out of focal points because the point of position displacements to Veronica s possible incident, alternatively of concentrating on her brother. Veronica was non the best pick as a storyteller because she turns and twists the camera to herself, alternatively of Liam. The gap paragraph we sense Veronica is diffident about what happened. In fact, she says, I am non certain if it truly happened ( p.1 ) . Right off the chiropteran, readers are 2nd thinking the cogency of the narrative she is about to state from her childhood. The fact that she does nt cognize for certain if it ( molestation ) happened makes the readers unsure about her dependability as a storyteller. As the narrative progresses, it becomes clear that the chief character is Liam ; the secret plan revolves around his childhood molestation and recent self-destruction. The storyteller even senses that the novel should be about Liam when she states, So if I want to state Liam s narrative, so I have to get down long earlier he was born ( p. 13 ) . Yet, alternatively of merely concentrating on her brother s life in a additive manner, Veronica switches the position, several times, to her ain life: her childs, her hubby, and even her college love affair. Her narrative can hence be said t o match to the dual relation ( Harte p. 189 ) . She tries to state her brother s narrative but merely does it half heartedly because she focuses the other half on how the injury affected her life. Possibly it is because there are 11 months between me ( Veronica ) and Liam does she experience ownership to his life, since, sometimes I think we overlapped ( p.11 ) . Veronica does nt non concentrate on her brother s molestation but attempts to construct her life around HIS experience since she feels their lives are one. Veronica does non admit that the colza happened to Liam merely. Alternatively, she assumes that she was raped excessively. Yet, someway, her memory forces her to bury. Veronica makes her undependability as a storyteller clear when seeking to retrieve what is true ( p.144 ) . Here Veronica tells us, even though I know it is true that this happened, I do non cognize if I have a true image in my head s oculus ( p.144 ) . Veronica narrates the narrative, non on facts listed to convey understanding or realisation to her brother s decease, but on what she remembers, what she knows, or what she feels. By taking away attending from her brother s molestation, readers are less witting to the earnestness. Since it is Liam s self-destruction that causes her to measure the beginnings and extent of her tattered subjectiveness does she even consider the molestation in demand of groking. ( Harte p. 189 ) . Veronica associates herself with her brother s life, injury, and decease. Yet, because she is non removed from the narrative, she becomes excessively intertwined with patching together the mystifier of the summer ; this cloud s her dependability as a storyteller. If she is non trusty plenty to state Liam s narrative without consisting what really happened, she serves no purpose- other than pull stringsing the reader s attending to herself. While a sister, or brother even, is the best pick to assist give inside informations about Liam s life, the siblings should be so close in age. If Veronica remains the storyteller, she needs to be more distant from Liam. This is particularly true during the summer of the molestation. If the storyteller told us about Liam from a 3rd individual limited position merely, intending that we do nt hear every bit much about Liam s feelings, patching together what truly happened by Nugent would be more credible. If the realisation is more credible, readers would experience sympathetic to Liam and non the storyteller. This is of import because Veronica owe ( s ) it to Liam to do things clear ( p.223 ) . The significance of Liam s molestation needs to be taken earnestly. The lone manner to give his life recognition, and in bend give acknowledgment that the colza occurred, is to hold a storyteller that is non selfish in happening and depicting his history. We, at least, owe that to Liam. The storyteller s voice in The Gathering distracted readers from Liam. Because Veronica is stating the narrative, readers are diffident whether she excessively was raped. The confusion takes off from Laim and his decease. Veronica was non the best pick as a storyteller because she turns and twists the camera of reader s attending to herself, alternatively of Liam. Life of Pi, like The Gathering is told in first individual. Because he is the lone storyteller, readers see what he does ; the job is, Pi s reactions and over simplistic method of analysing events are unrealistic. Pi is an undependable storyteller and because of that, the book is non represented every bit good as it could hold been if the narrative was told from a 3rd individual all-knowing point of position. The first subdivision of the book is positioned to coerce the readers to believe in God, but which one? Since Pi believes in three faiths at one time, we see him as non to the full committed to one. Pi is projecting his undependable quality by believing, whole heartedly, that he can go on populating with three faiths. Even his female parent attempts to convert him that multiple faiths is non realistic when she says, if you re traveling to be spiritual, you must either be a Hindu, a Christian, or a Muslim ( p. 73 ) . It is unrealistic that three faiths would be comfy with him functioning each. Pi has disregarded the commandment, Do nt Idolize any other God that is the anchor of Christianity. Because of his desire to idolize many faiths, he in bend forces the three spiritual figures to reason for his religion. Pi is undependable in that he can non take one faith despite cognizing holding multiple faiths is a no-no . Another topographic point where Pi proves to be an unrealistic narrator is when the ship sinks. He waits in the life boat thought, the dark vanished every bit rapidly as the ship ( p.111 ) . In fact, he tells a sea polo-neck, travel state a ship I m here ( p.123 ) . His full household, all his animate beings, all the crew, all the other riders, and the immense ship merely sank and his emotion is unagitated plenty to state a polo-neck to happen aid while he sits in the life boat for three days- hardly traveling, waiting. That is an unrealistic reaction to the ruinous state of affairs. He over simplifies events and by making so, makes readers inquiry, what s incorrect with him? Even to endorse path to before the ship sank, Pi was walking about at dark, by himself, because he heard a noise and wanted to travel researching. That is non credible. In fact, readers question if he was truly thrown out of the ship and if the animate beings in the life boat were existent because the stru ggle and events taking up to the sinking seemed to go through without any hurt or earnestness. As the book goes on, the readers follow, blindly, because of the thrust to cognize what comes following. Yet, readers face the same undependable narratives as Pi tries to last. For illustration, Pi survived 227 yearss at sea. However, Pi describes his activities as about relaxing and gratifying. On page 190 he relates his day-to-day agenda to transpirate like a fishing trip. He has become, at this point, so comfy with his state of affairs, that he has remainder and reposeful actives. Surviving, about once and for all, off the H2O and its marine life, Pi neer states the illness from eating natural meat for that long. He is really in writing in his dealingss of Richard Parker s dirt in his oral cavity yet neer exposes himself to being sea sick. He is doing certain things simplistic, and by that, about covering them up by non exposing the trouble in lasting. Even while eating, Pi does non demo the readers the rough world of populating off the ocean. He is excessively unagitated when he says, I enjoyed my repast as I watched the Sun s descent into a cloudless sky. It was a restful minute ( p. 174 ) . Pi tries to do his state of affairs simple to convert himself, and the readers, his fortunes are non bad or lasting. His deficiency of earnestness proves he is unrealistic and hence unable to narrate the plot line with color and truth. The lone sensible decision the readers are left to pull is that Pi wants to be seen as masculine, independent, and able to last: illness, over laziness in emotions, and terror that will change ability to populate. The most obvious topographic point in the book that remarks on Pi s undependability as a storyteller is during chapter 90 one and ninety two. Here, Pi sees another homo, who is besides unsighted doing his manner through the ocean. The adult male said, Is person at that place three times. Even Pi inquiries his saneness when he says, I conclude that I had gone huffy. Sad but true. Misery loves company, and wretchedness calls it Forth ( p. 242 ) . Readers are tempted to believe that the individual was portion of Pi s imaginativeness. As the conversation goes back and Forth, they two talk about figs. In fact, Pi says, the subdivisions of the trees are dead set over, they are so weighed down with figs ( p. 243 ) . Pi is conceive ofing a tree with figs to feed his inner desire non merely for nutrient but for deficiency of human contact. On page 245, Pi states, lunacy of the head is one thing, but it was non just that it should travel to the tummy. This quotation mark is of import b ecause it shows his acknowledgment for insanity. By recognizing his lunacy , he proves he is non qualified to narrate the events accurately. Pi s fictional observation of the tree proves his head is non sane ; because his head is non sane, how can we believe his narrative? The worst portion is when Pi tries to deny his lunacy, in making so, he really adds to it. On page 246, Pi says, I knew it. I was nt hearing voices. I had nt gone huffy. It was Richard Parker who was talking to me! The dry portion is Pi attempts so urgently to convert the readers he is non insane by utilizing a speaking animate being to warrant it. At this point, readers are certain Pi is losing his head. Richard Parker, who had chosen an hr before we were to decease pipe ( vitamin D ) up ( 246 ) . Pi was so close to famishment and decease that his head developed a fictional conversation with a tiger as a manner to soothe him, as a manner to calmly allow his life sink onto duty. It is non credible that he would hold a conversation with a adult male that turned out to be a speaking tiger. Pi, one time once more, shows the readers that he is non fit to state the narrative as it really happened. Since the narrative is told from an undependable storyteller, we question every action, quotation mark, or sound. Without a 3rd individual narrative, the narrative becomes a series of questionable events and insane characters. If Life of Pi was told from a 3rd individual point of position, the readers would be more likely to believe the events, particularly if it was 3rd individual omniscient. All-knowing point of position, besides known as all cognizing , is based strictly on observation. Because the novel would be seen from a dependable beginning, readers would non oppugn cogency. Pi is non fit to be the exclusive supplier of information. The fresh demands to be told from an all-knowing point of position in order for readers to swear the actions. As seen above, Pi offers more confusion and undependability than prosperity. The lone manner readers would swear Pi would be to hold person else state his narrative. Without a storyteller that is trusty, readers question the events, characters, and in bend the book as a whole. Pi is an undependable storyteller because he denies truth to beliefs, events, or worlds. Readers question his actions because his response is non typical. His unreliability inquiries the earnestness of the book s subject and writer s motive. Without a serious storyteller, readers are left to deny everything and anything from an undependable beginning. Like Life of Pi and The Gathering, Salman Rushdie s fresh Midnight s Children is besides told utilizing first individual. Like the other two novels, it excessively faces undependable narrative. The fresh describes ordinary events as charming ; for illustration when Salman describes his gramps s nose-bleed: Aadam Aziz hit his olfactory organ against a frost-hardened tuft of Earth three beads of blood plopped out of his left anterior naris, hardened immediately in the brickle air and transformed into rubies ( Rushdie, 4 ) . The jeer of the characters forces the storyteller to be seen as undependable. In fact, harmonizing to Linda Hutcheon, storytellers in fiction become either disconcertingly multiple and difficult to turn up or resolutely probationary and limited frequently sabotaging their ain seeming omniscience ( Hutcheon p. 11 ) . This is demonstrated in the first book of the novel, where Rushdie s narrative moves backwards and forwards in clip, with events from future decennaries taking topographic point during the earliest portion of the narrative. Naturally, this perturbation of clip and story-telling convention interruptions down the genuineness of both storyteller and writer. Rushdie s novel is that of an unstable genuineness. Saleem gets legion historical events and day of the months muddled up as he tries urgently to convert his readers that he is at the Centre of India s history ( DCruz ) . Readers can non swear a storyteller that confuses day of the month, additive events, and describe characters in an overdone manner. The storyteller is by and large true and often all-knowing. Within Midnight s Children, this is non the instance: at one point, the storyteller really confesses that he has lied: To state the truth, I lied about Shiva s decease. My first absolute prevarication although my presentation of the Emergency in the pretense of a six-hundred-and-thirty-five-day-long midnight was possibly overly romantic .That s why I fibbed I fell victim to the enticement of every autobiographer, to the semblance that since the past exists merely in one s memories ( Rushdie p.619 ) . In fact, Saleem says What s existent and what s true are nt needfully the same ( Rushdie p. 103 ) . Through this device, Rushdie makes the reader inquiry every item of the narrative, and becomes unstable. His relationship with Padma, the novel s voice of the reader, is besides affected by his inability to accurately depict his narrative. Padma ; like a reader, Padma edits and remarks upon Saleem s creative activity, defying his efforts to compose a narrative as he chooses: I must disrupt myself. I was nt traveling to today, because Padma has started acquiring irritated whenever my narrative becomes self-aware, whenever, like an incompetent puppeteer, I reveal the custodies keeping the strings ( Rushdie p.83 ) . Because he can non supply his reader with an reliable history, he gives alternatively remembrances, myths and half-truths: Alternatively of satisfaction, he offers her sublimation ; alternatively of History, he offers Padma his histories. By overtly bring forthing these histories for her, Saleem subverts both the causality and continuity of what is traditionally conceived of as patriarchal History ( Hutcheon p.162-3 ) . Saleem repeatedly interrupts his ain narrative, for il lustration, he says, Nose and articulatio genuss and articulatio genuss and nose listen carefully, Padma ; the chap got nil incorrect! ( Rushdie p. 114 ) . Saleem s inability to unite the topic within history agencies that he removes genuineness from his narratives. At one point Saleem asks himself am I so far gone, in my despairing demand for intending that I m prepared to falsify everything to re-write the whole history of my times strictly in order to put myself in a cardinal function? ( Rushdie p. 190 ) . First, he wants to affect Padma and his boy with his life narrative. He explains that this is what keeps me traveling: I hold on to Padma. Padma is what affairs ( Rushdie p. 337 ) . As he admits, he is needing-to-be-loved ( Rushdie p. 392 ) , and by crafting his narrative carefully he can affect Padma with his worth. The uncertainness and anxiousness is exaggerated when Padma leaves him. Shortly after he says, I feel baffled. . . in her absence my certainties are falling apart ( Rushdie p. 187 ) . His other motive for moving, and moving rapidly is his desire to complete the narrative before his life ends. In the first page he explains, clip ( holding no farther usage for me ) is running out. I will shortly be 31 old ages old. Possibly. If my crumbling, overused organic structure licenses ( Rushdie p. 3 ) . The possibly suggests his uncertainness with his ain mortality he is non certain how much more his organic structure can allow, and throughout the narrative he says that he must hotfoot on ( Rushdie p. 475 ) , so that he can complete before an unsure decease. It has become obvious from the illustrations presented that Saleem is non a dependable storyteller ; his haste to state his narrative and impress Padma clouds his truthfulness as an writer. The significance of holding a first individual storyteller that is undependable is that readers are left to swift through which inside informations are true, as they process through the book. Readers must understand that the relationship from storyteller to readers is rendered otherwise from a first individual position, opposed to a 3rd individual point of position. The so-what facet is that novels, such as the three discussed, pollute the overall interaction. When a storyteller exaggerates, lies, manipulates, over-simplifies inside informations, or even uses another character s injury to give attending to her ain life, the intent of the fresh becomes fly-by-night. Novels that use other points of positions smooth the passage between reader and writer by offering a safe and stable narrative. First individual narratives can be slippery when readers are forced to follow them as the lone usher throughout the pages. First individual narrators are similar to a unsighted individual giving a circuit in a cave ; we trust them plenty because the shinny name ticket says follow me but we drag our fingers across the walls, verifying that we truly are in cave. It is necessary when reading novels with first individual that we recognize the untrustiness can reflect negatively on how we see other facets of the novel. For illustration, when a storyteller describes other characters interacting but we do nt believe the storyteller, we in bend do non believe that the other characters look they manner they do, speak they manner described, or even care about the conversations every bit much as we could is the storyteller was dependable. Novels need a stable relationship to bond the reader to the narrative ; without a sense of security and trust, readers will non care about characters, events, or the intent. There is a noncompliant battle that must be overcome when swearing undependable storytellers to safely acquire us out of the cave alive. These three books have proven that cautiousness must be taken when covering with an untrusty point of position. Life of Pi, The Gathering, and Midnight s Children all experience the first individual storyteller ; because of its point of position, readers invariably have to fight to swear. When this happens, the relationship of trust between the reader and storyteller is compromised. By comparing first individual narrative in each of the novels, it was proven that the point of position contaminates the dependability. These three novels shine visible radiation on the confusing complexness that has to be overcome when an undependable storyteller takes our manus and retarding forces us through the pages. The storyteller will seek to lead on us, confound us, and even pull strings us in believing the hyperboles, but, we must travel frontward through the pages every bit swimmingly as possible, if non for the storyteller, so for Liam, Padma, and Richard Parker s interest.

Dolci and Stomer essays

Dolci and Stomer essays Over the centuries, picturing religious events in the form of artwork was still very popular and important. However, the way or style in which the events were pictured changed. The cultural production of the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries is often described as the baroque period. Among the most noted Italian Baroque painters were Caravaggio and Carracci, whose different styles were both in line with the period. Through copies of their paintings and styles being taught in art schools, their influence on later artists inside and outside of Italy has been enormous. Carlo Dolci and Mathias Stomer are each painters that were influenced by the style of Caravaggio and Carracci. Stomers painting, The Judgment of Solomon (1640), shows an influence of Caravaggio, where Dolcis painting, Virgin and Child with Saint John the Baptist (1636) shows an influence of the style of Carracci. Stomers style of painting is closely related to that of Caravaggio (1573-1610). Caravaggio, an Italian baroque painter, naturalized both religion and the classics in his art where he reduced them to human dramas played out in the cruel and grimy settings of his time and place. He often used perspective and chiaroscuro to bring viewers as close to the action of the painting as possible to give viewers a feel as if they were actually participating. Caravaggio also used dark setting that enveloped their occupants called tenebrism or shadow manner. Upon first glance of the painting, The Judgment of Solomon, the viewers eyes are taken to a single point of illumination near a picture of a beautiful new born hanging upside down by a man ready to slaughter it. There is great attention given to shading and the illumination of light. Stomer shows great talent in painting muscular figures by the look of the man holding the sword and of the two infants. The clothes on each person are pictured as free ...

House for Rent Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

House for Rent - Research Paper Example The aim will be to identify models that will work on the differences and create room where a smooth negotiation will take palace. The final decision making process remains an integral part in any negotiation. Identifying nagging issues between the two parties and working towards a mutual agreement. An agreement is essential in any negotiation. Alfredson and Cungu’ (2008) identify goals as essential in any negotiation as they play part in agenda setting. Agenda setting remains the major objective while negotiating. In our case, the goals will be set based on the lease agreement. Information from a third party indicates that the prospective client has the same agenda. This means he is willing to lease the house for two years which is the anticipated expiry period. The client’s goals will be to minimize the overall cost of the house. His aim will base on ensuring the cost matches his valuation. The leaser in this case will be aiming at ensuring the terms match his valuation and that he maximizes on the benefits that accompany leasing of the property. The cost should be enough to ensure he affords a new property in his new location. The initial stage would be to ensure common elements are utilized while initiating any negotiation. The common elements between the two parties initiate a process which will be aimed at working on differences and concern in an effort to reach an agreeable solution. The motivating factor will be the two agree on the time period in which the lease should last. This hence triggers a meeting that will design a model that would be agreeable to both parties. The two parties depend on each other in that each has different objectives from the property. The interdependent nature of the two parties is what triggers a negotiation (Moore, 2005). The two parties should acknowledge that without the other party any process will not be achieved. This will motivate the two parties

The Improvement of Customer Service in Argos Essay

The Improvement of Customer Service in Argos - Essay Example Argos was founded in 1973 by Richard Tompkins. It has been part of the Home Retail Group since 2000 which is the market leader in the home and general merchandise market (Management Today 2010). Together with Homebase, Argos is one of UK’s leading brands, selling products throughout UK as well as the Republic of Ireland (Management Today 2010).  Argos was founded in 1973 by Richard Tompkins. It has been part of the Home Retail Group since 2000 which is the market leader in the home and general merchandise market (Management Today 2010). Together with Homebase, Argos is one of UK’s leading brands, selling products throughout UK as well as the Republic of Ireland (Management Today 2010).  Argos is a unique multi-channel retailer well-known for offering customers choice, value, and convenience. Argos sells general merchandise and home products in over 750 stores all over UK and Ireland through their twice-yearly catalogue, over the internet, and through the telephone.   Argos is currently struggling to retain its viability and profitability. Operational strategies are being contemplated, including the use of internet technologies on its operations. The struggling Argos intends to do a digital makeover of its business operations. This move will replace traditional catalogue and may close or relocate at least 75 stores. Home Retail Group, the parent company, intends to reduce the circulation of traditional Argos catalogue, although it still believes that print marketing will still be relevant to its retail business  

Carbon Nonmaterial From Non-renewable Oil Resource Synthesis

Carbon Nonmaterial From Non-renewable Oil Resource Synthesis Synthesis and characterization of carbon nonmaterial from non-renewable oil resources by catalytic CVD Introduction Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are nano materials that obtain amazing properties, which find effectiveness in wide applications such as gas storage, sensor, catalyst, drug delivery system, and solar cell (Chen et al., 2012; Schnorr Swager, 2011). Carbon nanotube has been discovered by Iijima in 1991 (Iijima, 1991). Then Iijima found that Carbon nanotube exist in two structures single-walled (SWNTs) and multi-walled (MWNTs) carbon nanotube (Iijima Ichihashi, 1993). Typically multi-walled carbon nanotube typeset of joined single-walled carbon nanotube. General CNT’s synthesis methods include arc discharge, laser ablation, and chemical vapor deposition (CVD). These methods share the same principles: either carbon atoms determined from solid carbon sources (such as graphite rods used in arc discharge and laser ablation methods) or carbon-bearing gases (such as hydrocarbons, CO, and volatile solvents in the CVD method). Among these, CVD is the most convenient method to grow all kinds of CNTs and the best choice to produce large amount of CNTs at relatively low cost and with mild growth conditions(Prasek et al., 2011). In chemical vapor deposition, energy is donated to hydrocarbons to break them into reactive radical objects in the temperature range approximately from 500-800 °C, sometimes more. These reactive species diffuse down to a catalyst surface where they remain bonded. As a result, CNTs are formed. The commonly used energy source is resistive heating(Magrez et al., 2010). It is quite clear a few years ago that the effective catalysts for CNTs synthesis are Fe, Co, Ni and their alloys. These catalysts can Growth CNTs in three steps according to Vapor-Liquid-Solid (VLS) mechanism: Firstly, a gas precursor produces carbons which adsorb and dissociate on the surface of the catalyst particles to form elementary carbon atoms. Secondly, the carbon atoms dissolve in the mass of the nanoparticles to form liquid metastable carbide and diffuse within the particles. Lastly, solid carbons precipitate at the outer side of the nanoparticles to form carbon nanotubes. Problem statements Carbon nanotube is one of the most hopeful candidates among all the nanoforms of carbon. However, all the carbon based nanomaterials are synthesized using carbon precursors derived from petroleum sources. It is the required to develop and design techniques that have used waste oils to minimize depletion of petroleum. Few waste oil based precursors have already been successfully used to synthesize multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) via various techniques. Among them CVD seems to be most appropriate. A CVD system with provision for controlling the input parameters through suitable mechanism is employed for this. In other hand, it may be noted that non renewable precursors consist of a mixture of a number of hydrocarbon molecules. This makes the optimization process for synthesis of CNTs from non renewable precursors highly demanding. The optimization process is complemented by characterization of the CNTs synthesized under different conditions. Characterization of CNTs helps in ascert aining identification of their uniqueness and suitability to different applications. It is expected that only a few of them will satisfy the requirements for a particular application. One of the main targets of the project is to demonstrate the applicability of these CNTs synthesized from waste oil precursors for functionalization technique to be suitable for numerous applications. Objective Considering the environmental effects and depletion petroleum product sources, our efforts will direct to receive waste engine oil and use it for synthesis carbon nanotubes. Therefore, as a first step, it is attempted to design easy and suitable laboratory refining process for waste engine oil to receive quantity of fractions. This outlines the first objective of the project. The second objective is that anticipate utilizing CNTs from the selected waste engine oil precursors. The third objective of the project is to optimize the CNTs synthesis parameters such as; temperature, flow rate, precursor type used, and catalysis type. The fourth objective is presenting a thermodynamic study for CNTs. The final objective of the thesis is to demonstrate the ability of MWCNTs synthesized from waste oil precursors for functionalization and study its dispersion in appropriate liquids. Literature review Liquefied petroleum gas, has been employed as carbon source to produce CNT arrays on ceramic spherical surface in the floating catalyst process into two-stage furnace. Good alignment of CNT has been obtained and the purity is as high as 97.5%. Through controlling the growth temperature, CNTs in aligned form with diameter approximately of 13 nm have been gained. As a result, from synthesize industrial fuel as a carbon source and the ceramic substrate, CNT arrays can be easily produced with large scale and at low cost(Zhang et al., 2007). Multi walled carbon nanotubes were utilized by spray pyrolysis of biodiesel oil which prepared from Jatropha curcas over Fe/Co/Mo catalyst which supported on either silica or alumina. Synthesized MWNTs have been characterized by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and Raman spectroscopy. The Raman spectroscopy suggested that the MWNTs were well graphitized. In addition, abundant MWNTs have been utilized by catalyst which supported on silica nanoparticles(Karthikeyan Mahalingam, 2010). Carbon nanotubes were synthesized from heavy petroleum fractions such as Light diesel Oil (L.D.O.) and furnace Oil (F.O.) by modified chemical vapour deposition method and characterized by Transmission Electron Microscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy. In this search a locally reactor has been designed for the synthesis and collection of soot from the petroleum material. Then, the soot collected is purified by sohxlet extraction apparatus. After that, the purified CNTs are oxidized with diluted nitric acid. The utilized CNTs have been dispersed in different solvents. Then, the dispersed stability has been analyzed at different temperature and results demonstrates that it is highly disperses in distilled water and acetone in compared to ethanol and methanol. Result shows SWCNTs having approximately 70nm in term of F.O and 90nm in term of L.D.O (Jagdeep et al., 2011). Single walled carbon nanotubes were utilized by a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method using heavy oil residue as carbon source. Different kinds of metals as catalysts including transition metals (Fe, Co and Ni) and nonmagnetic metals (Au and Pt) are used in the growth of SWNTs. The morphology and structure of the synthesized SWNTs products have been characterized by Raman spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. The results demonstrated that it is possible to synthesize high quality SWNTs by a CVD method with inexpensive heavy oil residue as the starting material. The diameter distribution of as-grown SWNTs strongly depends on the type of catalysts. It is found that SWNTs grown from transition metals (Fe, Co and Ni) have smaller diameter compared to that of SWNTs synthesized from nonmagnetic catalysts (Au, Pt). This result demonstrates the feasibility of controlling the SWNT diameters by selecting the catalysts. Mor eover, it is found that the reaction temperature is the key factor that affects the formation of SWNTs from oil residue. In our case, the growth mechanism of SWNTs is considered to be different from that of SWNTs synthesized from conventional carbon source (Li et al., 2012). Quasi aligned carbon nanotubes have been synthesized for using waste engine oil (WEO) as the carbon source by thermal chemical vapour deposition. The rich carbon content of WEO was supposed to endorse the growth of the quasi aligned CNTs. Synthesis process has been carried out at temperature of 500 and 570  °C for precursor and CNTs synthesis, respectively, a ferrocene catalyst concentration was 17.99 wt%. Synthesized CNTs have been characterized by energy dispersive X-Ray, X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, and micro Raman spectroscopy. The ability of CNT samples for emitting electrons has been examined by field electron emission (FEE) analysis. Both Electron microscopy and micro Raman analysis exposed a dense mixture of quasi aligned SWNTs and MWNTs with a moderate ID/IG ratio of 0.90(Suriani et al., 2015). Hypothesis In this project, we hypothesize that malty walled carbon nanotubes can be practically formed by using waste engine oil as non-renewable source. Catalytic CVD will be installed since it is currently considered as the most adaptable and affordable method for growing carbon nanotubes especially with high molecular weight hydrocarbons. Waste engine oil can be used directly into CVD, but it will produce carbon nano materials, which means many impurities such as amorphous carbon, nano fiber, and graphite. Thus, we can use re-refine the waste engine oil process at laboratory to receive many hydrocarbon products and use them as a carbon sources. References Chen, T., Qiu, L., Cai, Z., Gong, F., Yang, Z., Wang, Z., Peng, H. (2012). Intertwined aligned carbon nanotube fiber based dye-sensitized solar cells. Nano Lett, 12(5), 2568-2572. doi: 10.1021/nl300799d Iijima, S. (1991). Helical microtubules of graphitic carbon. Nature, 354, 56 58. Iijima, S., Ichihashi, T. (1993). Single-Shell Carbon Nanotubes of 1-nm Diameter. Nature, 363(6430), 603-605. Jagdeep, S., N.C., K., Deepak, P. (2011). Synthesis of Highly Dispersed Single Walled Carbon Nanotubes from Furnace Oil and Light Diesel Oil by Modified Chemical Vapour Deposition Method. International Journal of Theoretical and Applied Science, 3(2), 15-20. Karthikeyan, S., Mahalingam, P. (2010). Synthesis and Characterization of Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes from Biodiesel Oil: Green Nanotechnology Route. International Journal of Green Nanotechnology: Physics and Chemistry, 2(2), 39-46. Li, Y., Wang, H., Wang, G., Gao, J. (2012). Synthesis of single-walled carbon nanotubes from heavy oil residue. Chemical Engineering Journal, 211-212, 255-259. doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2012.09.031 Magrez, A., Seo, J. W., Smajda, R., MioniĆ¡, M., Forrà ³, L. (2010). Catalytic CVD Synthesis of Carbon Nanotubes: Towards High Yield and Low Temperature Growth. Materials, 3(11), 4871-4891. doi: 10.3390/ma3114871 Prasek, J., Drbohlavova, J., Chomoucka, J., Hubalek, J., Jasek, O., Adam, V., Kizek, R. (2011). Methods for carbon nanotubes synthesis—review. Journal of Materials Chemistry, 21(40), 15872. doi: 10.1039/c1jm12254a Schnorr, J. M., Swager, T. M. (2011). Emerging Applications of Carbon Nanotubes† . Chemistry of Materials, 23(3), 646-657. doi: 10.1021/cm102406h Suriani, A. B., Alfarisa, S., Mohamed, A., Isa, I. M., Kamari, A., Hashim, N., . . . Rusop, M. (2015). Quasi-aligned carbon nanotubes synthesised from waste engine oil. Materials Letters, 139, 220-223. doi: 10.1016/j.matlet.2014.10.046 Zhang, Q., Huang, J., Wei, F., Xu, G., Wang, Y., Qian, W., Wang, D. (2007). Large scale production of carbon nanotube arrays on the sphere surface from liquefied petroleum gas at low cost. Chinese Science Bulletin, 52(21), 2896-2902. doi: 10.1007/s11434-007-0458-8

Assessing the Marketing Strategy of Payboy Magazine

Contents Introduction4 Literature review5 The product life cycle5 Introduction stage5 Growth stage6 Maturity stage6 Decline stage7 MARKET SEGMENTATION8 Attractiveness of a market segment9 Target market strategies9 BRAND10 Building and managing brand equity12 Globalisation13 There are three main international marketing orientations13 Ethics in marketing14 Gender role and marketing14 Generic marketing strategy15 Findings16 The playboy product life cycle16 Market segmentation17 Brand17 Globalization17 Ethics18 Marketing strategy18 Discussion20 Conclusions21 Recommendations21 References22 Introduction A marketing strategy calls for the organization to pull its limited resources to attract the desired market segment and gain some competitive advantage. The positioning of a product is the reason the target segment of the market uses or buys a product based on the attributes of the product which ensure that the product attracts the desired market segment by meeting the product expectations (Wind, 1990). These two strategies are used to attract consumers of all product types. The magazine industry mainly applies these strategies to attract buyers towards their product. They offer their readers target content by being first segmented into the various types of magazines which include: men, women, news magazines and readers digest. Readers digest offer its readers a wide array of topics of interests without focussing on a specific readership, gender or group of interests. News magazines offer feature news articles usually on topics that have already been discussed in other news media but in a more in-depth sense. Women’s magazines offer articles of interest to women and men’s magazines offer articles of interest to men. Magazines are further segmented under each section to feature topics of interest from decor to cars. One of the more successful men’s magazines Playboy will be discussed in this paper, focussing on, what strategy they applied to achieve their global success. The magazine has been in existence for over, 50years and has stood the test of time. This paper will seek to determine what marketing strategies they applied to achieve their global success. Literature review The product life cycle The product life cycle can be divided into several stages characterised by the revenue generated by the product. A PLC depicts the stages that the product goes through during its life time. The PLC is made up of the following stages: Introduction stage When the product is introduced, sales will be low until customers become aware of the product and its benefits. Advertising costs are typically high during this stage in order to rapidly increase customer awareness of the product and to target the early adopters. During the introductory stage the firm is likely to incur additional costs associated wit the initial distribution of the product. These higher costs coupled wit low sales volume usually make the introduction stage a period of negative profits. During the introduction stage, the goal is to establish a market and build primary demand for the product class. The introductory stage comprises of the following marketing mix components: Price – the price will be generally high, assuming a skim pricing strategy for a high profit margin as the early adopters buy the product and the firm seeks to recoup development costs quickly. In some instances, a penetration pricing strategy is used and introductory prices are set low to gain market share quickly. Distribution –the distribution is selective and scattered as the firm commences implementation of the distribution plan. Promotion – it is aimed at building brand awareness. Samples or trials may be directed at early adopters. Growth stage This is a stage of rapid revenue growth. Sales increase as more customers become aware of the product and its benefits and additional market segments are targeted. The marketing team may increase its distribution at this point. When competitors enter the market, often during the later part of the growth stage, there may be price competition and or increased promotional costs in order to convince customers that the firm’s product is better than that of the competitor. During the growth stage the goal is to gain consumer preference and increase sales. The marketing mix may be modified as below: Product – new product features and packaging options, improvement of product quality Price – the price may be maintained at a high level if demand is high or reduced to capture additional customers. Distribution – at this point, the distribution becomes more intensive. Trade discounts are minimal if resellers sow a strong interest in the product. Promotion – advertising is increased to build brand preference. Maturity stage This is the most profitable stage. While sales continue to increase into this stage, they do so at a slower pace. The brand awareness is strong and so the advertising expenditures will be reduced. Te firm places effort into encouraging competitors’ customers to switch, increasing usage per customer, and converting non users into customers. Sales promotion may be offered to encourage retailers to give the product more shelf space over competing products. During the maturity stage, the goal is to maintain market share and extend the product life cycle. The marketing mix decision may include: Product – modifications are made and features are added in order to differentiate the product from competing products tat may have been introduced, Price – there are possible price reductions in response to competition while avoiding a price war. Distribution – new distribution channels and incentives to re-sellers n order to avoid losing self space. Promotion – emphasis on differentiation and building of brand loyalty. Incentives may be introduced at this stage to get competitors’ customers to switch. Decline stage At this stage, sales begin to decline as the market becomes saturated, the product becomes technologically obsolete, or customer taste change, if the product as developed brand loyalty, the profitability may be maintained longer. Init costs may increase with the declining production volumes and eventually no more profit can be made. During the decline stage, the firm has three options: †¢ Maintain the product with hope that competitors will exit. Reduce costs and find new uses for the product. †¢ Harvest it, reducing market support and coasting along until no more profit can be made. Discontinue the product when no more profit can be made or there is a successor product. The marketing mix may be modified as follows: Product – the number of products in the product line may be reduced. Rejuvenate surviving products to make them look new again. Price – prices may be lowered to liquidate inventory of discontinued products. Prices may be maintained for continued pr oducts serving a nice market. Distribution – it will become more selective. Channels that are no longer profitable are passed out. Promotion – expenditures are lower and aimed at reinforcing the brand image for continued products. MARKET SEGMENTATION Here, the suppliers will want to concentrate in a particular market. There are two important factors to consider when selecting a target market segment. These are the attractiveness of the segment and the fit between the segment and the firm’s objectives, resources and capabilities. † This is the process in which a company attempts to identify the categories of consumers whose needs and wants it can satisfy. In order to segment the market Companies first assess their capabilities and resources then they determine the competitive situation in the marketing environment. Finally they match their capabilities with the needs of the market segment. There is no single way of segmenting the market because their criteria used to segment the market depend on the individual organisations. The segmentation process involves several steps: †¢ You define the market usually based on the consumers needs †¢ Identify the best market segmentation criteria †¢ Apply the segmentation criteria and divide the market †¢ Analyse and understand the profile of the priority consumer segment (Ranchhod & Gurau, 2007) Attractiveness of a market segment The following aspects can be considered when evaluating the attractiveness of a market segment: †¢ Growth rate in the segment †¢ Size of the segment †¢ Competition in the segment †¢ Attainable market share given promotional budget and competitors’ expenditures †¢ Required market share to break even Market research and analysis is essential to obtain this information. Te impact of micro and macro environmental variables on the market segment should be considered. Target market strategies Market specialisation – here the firm specialises in a particular market segment and offers that segment an array of different products Full market coverage – the firm attempts to serve the entire market. This coverage can be achieved by means of either a mass market strategy in which a single undifferentiated marketing mix is offered to the entire market, or by a differentiated strategy in which a separate marketing mix is offered to each segment. Product specialisation – Here the firm specialises in a particular product and tailors it to different market segments Selective specialisation – Here the different marketing mixes are offered to different segments. The product itself may or may not be different. The promotional messages or distribution channels may vary. Single segment strategy – Here one market segment is served with one marketing mix. A single segment approach often is the strategy of choice for smaller companies wit limited resources. BRAND A brand is a name or symbol used to identify the source of a product. (NetMBA,marketing>brand equity). Very successful brands have been known to become the generic name of a product. The design and implementation of an effective brand strategy can be considered in relation to the brand, product or the service offered. There are several brand strategies that can be applied, these include: †¢ Brand development strategy – used when the brand already exist †¢ Rebranding – when an existing brand is rebranded in line with the change in the market segmentation or competitive positioning strategy. †¢ Brand introduction – used when a new brand is introduced †¢ Brand extension (umbrella branding) – used when a new product that is unrelated to an existing product is introduced. (Ranchhod & Gurau, 2007) The brand can add significant value when it is well recognised and as positive associations in the mind of the consumer. This concept is referred to as â€Å"Brand equity. † There are three perspectives from which to view brand equity: 1. Consumer- based: A strong brand increases the consumer’s attitude strength toward the product associated with the brand. Attitude strength is built by experience with a product. This importance of actual experience by the customer implies that trial samples are more effective than advertising in the early stages of building a strong brand. The consumer’s awareness and associations lead to perceived quality, inferred attributes, and eventually, brand loyalty. 2. Brand extensions: A successful brand can be used as a platform to launch related products. Te benefits of brand extensions are the leveraging of existing brand awareness thus reducing advertising expenditures, and a lower risk from the perspective of the customer. Appropriate brand extensions can enhance the core brand. Te value of the brand extension is however more difficult to quantify than are direct financial measures of brand equity. 3. Financial: One way to measure brand equity is to determine the price premium that a brands commands over a generic product. Strong brand equity provides the following benefits: . It is an asset that can be sold or leased 2. It Increases cash flow by increasing market share, reducing promotional costs, and allowing premium pricing. 3. It facilitates a more predictable income stream Building and managing brand equity In his 1989 paper, Managing brand Equity, Peter H. Farguhar outlines # the following three stages tat are required in order to build a strong brand: 1 . Introduction – in this stage, introduce a quality product with the strategy of using the brand as a platform from which to launch future products. A positive evaluation by the consumer is important. 2. Elaboration – make the brand easy to remember and develop repeat usage. There should be accessible brand attitude, that is, the consumer should easily remember his or her positive evaluation of the brand. 3. Fortification – the brand should carry a consistent image over time to reinforce its place in the consumer’s mind and develop a special relationship with the consumer. Brand extensions can further fortify the brand, but only with related products having a perceived fit in the mind of the consumer. Globalisation Marketing efforts can cross borders in a process known as internationalisation and globalisation. Internationalisation is when a firm starts to sell the products across the borders. Globalisation is a result of internalisation and it is shown by an increase in volumes and value of goods as well as the emergence of transnational segments of consumers with similar demand. (Ranchhod & Gurau, 2007). The main factors influencing international marketing operations are: †¢ Good knowledge of the evolution of the international business environment †¢ The existing assets of the firm †¢ The capacity of managers †¢ To rapidly adapt the firm’s strategy to the continuous changes in international markets. (Ranchhod & Gurau, 2007) There are three main international marketing orientations †¢ Domestic Market orientation – this is when you sell your service or products in a foreign markets that is very similar to the domestic market. †¢ The multi-national orientation – this is when a product or services adapts to the demands of each foreign market. †¢ Global orientation – it identifies the transnational segment of consumers in different foreign countries having similar needs and wants. (Ranchhod & Gurau, 2007) The main challenge with globalisation is whether to adopt standardisation or adaptation theories in the marketing strategy. It has been argued that standardisation should be adopted because international markets have increasingly convergent needs and wants. However, standardisation does not allow for the local cultures to shape the preferences and in such cases the adaptation theory will work best. (Ranchhod & Gurau, 2007) Ethics in marketing The ethical stance of an organisation can either promote or hinder the marketing strategy of an organisation. Ethical issues ranging from pay, pricing of goods to environmental issues affect the image of an organisation and can have a critical impact on an organisation’s brand. In order to combat the negative publicity, organisations can form ethical alliances with non-profit organisation taking the form of donations, cause-related marketing, event sponsorship, employee exchange and the provision of services. Such cause-related marketing strategies can be used to distinguish an organisation in the market place. (Ranchhod & Gurau, 2007) Gender role and marketing In advertising, it has been found that the marketing to women and men especially in publication differ in terms of the type of products they advertise. Men products tend to promote lifestyle enhancing and professional appearance while women’s advertisements tend to promote self reflection and personal appearance (Graham and Gollop, 2003). Many brands in the market are said to posses gender bias. The bias helps leverage their ability to attract their male or female target group. This same trait works as a hindrance where the brand is trying to cross the gender divide (Jung and Lee, 2006). Findings show that depending on the race and gender of the magazine, the roles of the women and men changed. In women’s magazines, women appeared in subordinate roles most of the time and were considered more exposed then men although research has shown that these roles appear to be changing. Interestingly, depending on the magazine gender bias, men’s magazines had dominated in images of men and women’s magazines dominated in images of women (Graham and Gollop, 2003). In most the magazines, women appeared as sexual objects. Generic marketing strategy Porters has two main fundamental decisions that organisation need to adopt in order to gain competitive advantage. He proposed that organisations could compete on price and differentiation. The two strategies define the following four generic competitive strategies . 1. Overall price leadership – it provides products and services at lowest prices 2. Differentiation – offering a product or service with differentiated features. 3. Differentiation focus – segment the market then offer each segment a differentiated product. 4. Price focus – firstly, segment the market and offer the segment a low price (Mitchell,2010) Findings The playboy product life cycle Introduction – Playboy was introduced in 1953 with a $1000. 0 budget. The first publication had a circulation of 53991 copies and Marylyn Manroe was on the cover prior to her fame at a price of $0. 5 per issue. When this idea was launched, the logo was a stag, and the magazine was supposed to be called ‘Stag Growth stage –the playboy ‘bunny ‘was introduced and subsequently became the prima ry unchanged logo for the magazine. Maturity stage-in the 1970’s the playboy magazine had grown in popularity and this marked the best sales period of its circulation. The magazine grew into the playboy corporation and has under the umbrella name in addition to the magazine: Night clubs †¢ Casinos †¢ cosmetics Decline- given the negative publicity linked to the content of the playboy magazine, in the late 1970’s immediately after achieving its peak, their sales declined as a result of the rise of competitors such as penthouse (Trivialibrary. com, 2010). There was a 2-year ban on all explicit content magazines in the united states in the†¦ based on the speculation that magazine of that content was a health hazard. Maturity stage -to date the magazine has a notable goodwill and has accumulated in value. In 2002, the first issue of the playboy magazine was auctioned off for $5000. 0 showing that the magazine has accumulated value as a collectable. Market se gmentation The playboy magazine cast a wide web and segmented its market using geographical and gender based segmentation. The magazine is typically targeted at men aged between 18 and 80 years of age. However, the contents satisfied both the male and female market (Forbish, 2004). Brand The playboy brand is symbolised by a black bunny bearing a bow tie. It has immense goodwill and has been exploited and incorporated into several products such as jewellery, T-shirts printed etc. The magazine P has stars to indicate the level of circulation for that particular issue Major brand extensions include: lingerie, jewellery, TV shows, Clubs and Casinos. Globalization The playboy magazine has been published in over 50 countries worldwide with local publication and has shown a certain degree of popularity internationally. It sells more the 3million copies in the united states and 4. 5million copies around the world (Forbish, 2004). In addition, playboy has a website which has allowed that to reach an international market. Ethics There have been many ethical issues surrounding the magazine spanning from, exploitation of women to the lack of morals based in the sexual content of the magazine. However, they stand out from the rest because they show some moderation on their contents; †¢ they are not as explicit in both their magazine and web content †¢ their sit only shows nudity to viewers after they have acknowledged the content Marketing strategy The main aim of the playboy magazine was to sell a ‘lifestyle’ and not just sex and nudity. The idea was for the young man to feel like he was a member of a playboy lifestyle club (Forbish, 2004; Thompson, 2008). They show this by incorporating issues of interest to men including humorous and celebrity related content (Forbish, 2004). Between 1959 and 1961, Playboy had a television show ‘Playboy penthouse’ which supplemented in television what it offered as a publication. This show was not an easy success story because television at the time was related to feminism and usually show cased feminine products and shows (Thompson, 2008). The show offered the viewer a visual idea of what the playboy lifestyle was about: beautiful women, celebrities and partying (Thompson, 2008). They have a web page that was opened in 1994. It is currently the most visited site and highly successful magazine online sites. Its cyber store has a 2700 item catalogue and is responsible for a major portion of the playboy profit. Another major feature is the live feature which allows surfers access to view live events online. The ideas of the web site was not to lose sight of the playboy persona by strongly linking its contents and the quality to that of the magazine aimed at getting its visitors to buy into the playboy brand as well as other merchandise that they sell online (Forbish, 2004). When introducing the magazine, the pictures that were published in the magazine were of an upcoming icon Maryline Manroe which was to be used in a calendar. Playboy has been known for using celebrities such as Pamela Anderson in its covers. They also used award winning non sexual content interviews with famous figures to sell the magazine including Malxom X, Martin Luther King Jr. (Forbish, 2004). Discussion The playboy magazine is an ideal example of a magazine that stood the test of time. Starting in the 1950’s the magazine managed to capitalize on a basic need in Maslow’s hierarchy of needs ‘Sex’. Considering the more conserving time era in which the magazine was launched, the minimal budget and the small circulation, the magazine has proven to be a success story. To date, the playboy brand is considered a symbol of status, fashion and personality (Chen and Wang, 2007) In terms of strategy, using semi naked women on the cover, to attract their ideal market segment was a good key strategy to attract readership; having the semi naked women being up and coming celebrities like Pamela Andersen was a genius idea this being key in attracting their target market; men aged between 18-80. This strategy was the key to the success if the magazine (Thompson, 2008). In terms of positioning, the playboy magazine has expressed intensely that they are not a ‘pornographic’ magazine and attest the idea that their content is purely sexual in nature (Schilowitz, 2004). They argue that their content is of interest to men and thus their articles will be male interest related; with men interests being women amongst other things. They show this by having in depth interviews with interesting key people in society including Malcom X. They push the idea that Playboy is in-fact a lifestyle of fun with a sexual connotation, which is why the extensions of the brand include casinos and clubs. In terms of ethics, the try to show that they are not pushing the men into reckless sex, they do not exploit women and they do have a certain level of conservative standard which they show by not fully exposing their women; and putting restrictions on their websites to inform their patrons about potential nudity in their sites. Conclusions In conclusion, the playboy brand is a successful entity, the name and logo has an international standing. Having graced that stands from the 1950’s to present day and stood the test of criticism, linking to the ‘pornographic market, defending its image as a lifestyle as opposed to a product the brand has been successful. In terms of segmentation, the ‘Playboy’ magazine had had a high success rate in reaching its target market while unintentionally attracting another segment in the market; women readers. It has successfully offered its readers more than just ‘sex’, it has offered its readers the ideal idea of what it means to be a man (Cox, 1961). Playboy has had a fair share of negative press about the ethics of the publication linked to the images of the women but this has had a little effect on the goodwill of their brand. In summation, the playboy brand has been marketed successfully and the application of the strategy has been well carried out. This has been done through effective segmentation, application of online marketing and globalization, application of ethics, effective use of goodwill on the brand as well as brand extensions. Recommendations The following recommendations could be applied: Given the current global HIV/AIDS pandemic, it would be in the interest to include in their articles talks about how best to avoid, prevent and stop the transmission of HIV/AIDS. Their articles should promote awareness and prevent stigmatization. References Chen Y and Wang X. (2007). Research on the legal protection of intellectual property right in clothing brand. Asian social science. Vol. 3 (2) pp 77-80 Cox H. (1961) Playboy’s Doctrine of Man. Christianity and Crises. Forbish T. 2004) Sexual Profiteering and Rhetorical Assuagement: Examining Ethos and Identity at Playboy. com. JCMC. Vol. 9 (3) Jung K. and Lee W. Cross-Gender Brand Extensions: Effects of Gender of the brand, Gender of consumer, and Product Type on Evaluation of Cross-Gender Extensions. Advances of Consumer Research. Vol. 33. pp 67-74. Graham R. and Gollop C. J. (2003) Gender Role Reinforcement in Popular Magazine Advertising. Dissertation from the University of North Carolina. United States. Schilowitz E. (2004) Dont Dare Associate Playboy With Porn: Playboy Enterprises, Inc. . Netscape. Communications Corporation. B. U. J. Sci and Teck L. Vol. 10 (2) Thompson E. (2008) The Parodic Sensibility and the Sophisticated Gaze : Masculinity and Taste in the Playboy Penthouse. Televisions and News Media. Vol. 9 (4) pp 284-304. Wind Y. J (1990) Positioning analysis and strategy. Interface of marketing strategy. Jai Press ———————– Assessing the marketing strategy of Playboy magazine Strategic Marketing MKT 762 Dr. Ayanda Group IV Modise Nengu 9903378 Oumi El-Kindiy 200302031 Dineo Mooketsi 9703200