Online Education and Pragmatism

Online Education and Pragmatism Impact of Online Education and Adult Education and Connection with John Dewey’s Pragmatism The standards and worldview of instruction has changed drastically. An ever increasing number of individuals comprehend the significance of the instruction and need to get great information by methods for going to a lofty school at any age. Accordingly, apparently grown-up training and online instruction as the imaginative structures for learning are in demand.Advertising We will compose a custom article test on Online Education and Pragmatism explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More The fundamental thought of this paper is to consider the impact of online training and grown-up training on the worldview of the social learning structure, interface these types of concentrating with John Dewey’s practicality and decipher the issue from an alternate philosophical point of view. In this way, online instruction is considered as the concentrating based on the creative advan cements which happen on the Internet and depends on the standards of individual removed learning. Grown-up training doesn't contrast enormously from conventional for the most part acknowledged classes with the distinctions that they are gone to by grown-ups and are planned for extending their school instruction or developing it is a specific working circle. Dewey was certain that there ought to be the challenge between customary training and dynamic, as on the web and grown-up, as he used to state that â€Å"that the issue runs further than a simple conflict between supporters of dynamic instruction and conventional education† and the endeavors must be taken â€Å"to resolve the dualism that at last partitioned and broke the soul of the dynamic training movement† (Schubert, 2006, p. 79). Accordingly, it might be reasoned that considering Dewey’s hypothesis, the creative instruction is to be conversely with the customary one until the particular advances are not taken. John Dewey’s realism might be shrouded in the accompanying, If a hypothesis has no effect in instructive undertaking, it must be counterfeit. The instructive perspective empowers one to conceive the rational issues where they emerge and flourish, where acknowledgment or dismissal has any kind of effect by and by. In the event that we are eager to consider instruction as the way toward framing key miens, scholarly and enthusiastic, toward nature and individual men, reasoning may even be characterized as the general hypothesis of training (in Saito, 2006, p. 345).Advertising Looking for article on instruction? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Interpretation of the Issue from a Different Philosophical Perspective One of the principle thoughts of the Dewey’s reasoning is that instruction ought to be changed because of the adjustments in the general public. The law based connection to training should turn int o a need. Along these lines, the online instruction and grown-up training are actually what Dewey was discussing. Notwithstanding, it is conceivable to think about these sorts of instruction from different points of view. Subsequently, Cavell is certain that the distinction ought to be made through language and the training ought to address students. The fundamental contrast from the Dewey’s instruction is that Cavell offers to make distinction through encouraging that might be utilized in web based learning and grown-up training. In this manner, it ought to be expressed that despite the fact that Dewey and Cavell needed to apply distinctive logical thinker speculations, they needed to make training not quite the same as conventional, to introduce inventive thoughts which might be useful in having any kind of effect. The methods of reasoning of Dewey and Cavell match as they are planned for making distinction, yet they are additionally different as the sober mindedness of Dew ey is that he discusses instruction, while Cavell addresses the students. Online instruction and grown-up learning may apply to the hypotheses of these researchers. Reference List Saito, N. (2006). Reasoning as Education and Education as Philosophy: Democracy and Education from Dewey to Cavell. Diary of Philosophy of Education, 40(3), 345-356. Schubert, W. H. (2006). Showing John Dewey as an Utopian Pragmatist While Learning from My Students. Instruction Culture, 22(1), 78-83.

ottoman empire essays

stool realm papers The Ottoman Empire was established in the late thirteenth century and last until the mid twentieth century. This realm was one of historys most noteworthy military empires(564 McKay, Hill, Buckler) that was revolved around the current day nation of Turkey. The Ottoman Empire, once, at its pinnacle had controlled an immense zone stretching out from the Balkan Peninsula to the Middle East and North Africa in the sixteenth century. This was practiced under the standard of Suleiman the Magnificent. This domain was a Muslim based society. The Ottomans, otherwise called the Apostles of Islam, had not constrained the vanquished Christians to change over to Islam. Rather they needed to pay an uncommon survey charge called the cizye. These non-muslims that paid the duty were conceded an agreement of insurance called the dhimma. The ruler, the pioneer of the Ottoman Empire, abused the land and the individuals of his realm as he saw fit. Everybody was a captive to the king. There was no close to home landholding; everything had a place with the king. The king likewise imposed a yearly assessment of one to 3,000 male kids on the Christians. These kids were taken to Turkey and raised as Muslims and prepared to battle and regulate. A portion of these kids ascended to the positions of the Sultans administration. The others shaped a tip top gathering of the Sultans armed force called the Janissary Corps. The Janissaries were represented by various laws and had the benefit of ensuring the king. There commitment to such train had made them an amazing armed force permitting them to vanquish and administer the most remarkable domain on the planet during the sixteenth century. ... <!

Childhood Protection And Welfare In Australia Example

Childhood Protection And Welfare In Australia Example Childhood Protection And Welfare In Australia â€" Essay Example > AbstractAs the world continues to change and grow with each passing day, children’s interests continue to be given increasing priority. This is because over the years, people have realized how important it is to give a strong background to children’s lives from a very early age because they are seen as the future of the nation. IntroductionThe term childhood protection and welfare encompasses a number of services that are provided for children. This include care centers for children, kindergartens, baby sitting services, emergency child care services, early learning programs and many others. This paper focuses on the child care program in Australia. It highlights the history of child care, how it has grown over the years, the current influences of this service on the community and the country as a whole and the challenges faced in terms of providing quality services for children. Child care services were established help parents and guardians to care for their children as they go about their daily activities (Hertzman 56). Children are left with care givers as their parents work to provide for their families and help the national economy grow. In addition, care givers equip children with skills and values that help them grow up to be responsible members of the society. France was the first country to come up with day care services. This was in the mid 18th century. The United States quickly followed suit a few years later. This was during the era of the industrial revolution when industrializing countries required all the manpower they could get to meet their targets (Folbre 211). Therefore, both men and women were required to work. As the parents worked, someone had to be left to care for their children. In the U. S, child care services were initially provided by charitable organizations as parents went to work in factories Influence from France and the U. S spread far and wide with other nations like Britain Germany and Australia adopting the new ser vice soon after (Folbre 213). The establishment of day care in Australia was due to a number of reasons. These included social, cultural and economic factors that influenced the growth of this service. Before the industrial revolution in the 18th century and the beginning of globalization in the 20th century, Australians lived simple lives in closely knit family units. The whole family worked mainly on farms and child care was the responsibility of the mother. As time went by, this changed. People turned away from farming and opted for jobs in cities (Folbre 217). As the economy of the nation changed, social life also began to change. Establishment of quality education for girls helped them to realize their potential and this elevated the place of women in society (Mouzos and Makkai 311). Laws passed by parliament advocated for gender equality and equal rights for all. Women realized that they could pursue their interests as men did instead of being the full time care givers (Mouz os and Makkai 345) People began to take a greater interest in recreational activities and self improvement. Focus was slowly shifted away from the family unit. Parents then began to look for a way to manage their jobs and social lives as well as to provide care for their children. These factors influenced the growth of child care. Child care initially started in the cities and then spread to smaller towns as people began to look for employment aside from working on their farms (Folbre 277). At first, child care was left to mothers who had no jobs, older siblings and relatives like grandmothers and aunts. They would care for the children until the parents returned from work. This arrangement was not of great benefit to the children themselves because not much constructive work was done and there was not much that they could learn from these caregivers since they were untrained. As parents began to realize the importance of quality education and care from a tender age, the need for child registered daycare services grew (Hertzman 108). These services now give parents and guardians the option of leaving their children in the able hands of a qualified care giver as they work. Moreover, the services include programs that provide education for children of different ages and instill positive qualities and values in them (Hertzman 112).

Children Should Not Fear Their Parents - 1908 Words

â€Å"A cute little kid is playing in the playground, not even worried about a thing. The child is smiling from ear to ear and running around having so much fun like a little kid should be. But when the child goes home, the child gets yelled at, hit on and brutally beaten up by his own parents for no reason. She ends up with bruises, and cuts all on her body. She is crying because of all the pain and she has so much fear towards her parents. Is that something a child deserves? Absolutely not!† This here is a very true story and very common when it comes to children that are getting abused at home. They do not even see it coming. Sad part is most of these children do not get the help they need when they are behind doors. â€Å"Children should not fear their parents, but instead, should develop a respect for their parents and their rules for the household.† (Abuse and Discipline) This is a very great way that most children should be towards their parents because when you teach a child from right and wrong then they will know that a consequence will follow up if they are being rebel against or breaking their rules. So they will know that they are going to get a punishment if they break a rule. When a parent and a child respect each other they have a great relationship! They have that bond that most parents and children should have. Instead of having being neglected and or having an abusive relationship with a child. In our minds, we know that discipline is a strict way to control andShow MoreRelatedParents Fears Of Immunization For Their Children Essay1341 Words   |  6 Pages　　　　Parents Fears of Immunization for their Children 　　　　Parents there are a lot of different opinions to rather or now vaccinate their children. Parents also do a lot of research regarding the vaccines. Being that vaccine is a preventative agent that helps protect from disease like smallpox, hepatitis, and TB test is weakened antibodies trying to make a defense of immunity to the disease that you may come in contact with. There are also many other immunization that parents need to research aboutRead MoreThe Root of Children’s Nightmares1039 Words   |  4 PagesEvents of a person’s day can be incorporated into dreams (O’Connor). In fact, nightmares are closely intertwined with a person’s own fears and bad experiences. Nightmares can be a form of post-traumatic stress disorder and result from fears, tribulations, and memories. A major threat to a peaceful sleep is the media, and people, especially parents of young children, must closely monitor exposure to violence depicted in t he media. â€Å"Nightmares can happen for no known reason although they sometimesRead MoreWhy Spanking Children Is Wrong1453 Words   |  6 PagesWhy Spanking Children is Wrong Parents have been spanking their children for hundreds of years, but recently this practice has come into question. The concern is not regarding the effectiveness of spanking but the correctness of spanking. Parents should not be allowed to strike their children. Child abuse is defined as any unnecessary or intentional physical or emotional or sexual mistreatment of children. Spanking is not the only method of child discipline. Spanking is not even the most effectiveRead MoreEmotional Response Created by Sparation1136 Words   |  5 Pagesteachers and parents is the fear that the teacher will replace parents in their children’s affections. There are several conflicting emotions that the parent may have that contribute to this fear. One major conflicting emotion is competition. This includes compe tition in all areas. However, the main competition is for the child’s affection. The competition is intensified due to the child being attached to both the parent and the provider. Another emotion is insecurity. Parents can feel insecureRead MoreThe Importance Of Family Bonds And Support995 Words   |  4 Pagessystem affects children by at staggering rates in our country. Although not every prisoner has children, one can assume that half of the nation’s prisoners have at least one child. This simple deduction would leave 3,425,000 with an incarcerated parent. During childhood, the impact a parent has on a child’s emotional and mental shapes their daily lives. When a child faces life with an incarcerated parent, they face separation for a period of months to years. Given the amount of children affected byRead MoreDeal Book Essay1524 Words   |  7 Pagesbook gives single parents an ideal of what to expect when dating. When a person has children sometimes it difficult to find a date, even to find time to date someone. Ron L. Deal has come up with different guidelines to help a single person find love in all the right places. Getting Past Butter flies and Warm Fuzzies God made people to be loved. Some people have the longing desire to be loved and married one day while others do not have the desire to have a marriage. When a parent wants again to findRead MorePsychological And Physical Side Effects On Children Essay1468 Words   |  6 Pagesphysical side effects in the involved children. Typically, children enter into an emotional state of fear and anxiety resulting from the monumental changes occurring within their environmental and family contexts. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) defines anxiety and fear as, â€Å"†¦the emotional response to real or perceived threats, whereas anxiety is anticipation of future threat† (American Psychiatric Association, 2013, p. 189). Children of divorce often experience bothRead MoreEffects Of Hearing Punishment On Children1563 Words   |  7 PagesFor numerous children they recall the abuse they have suffered. Meanwhile, others, more fort unate, will possibly recall time-outs or having a toy taken away. According to the Child Maltreatment 2014 report, â€Å"For 2014, a nationally estimated 1,580 children died of abuse and neglect at a rate of 2.13 per 100,000 children in the national population† (Child Maltreatment 2014). This rate is deplorable. More importantly, there is no reason children should suffer neglect or abuse. Many parents, unfortunatelyRead MoreLife As A Child During The Antebellum Era922 Words   |  4 Pagesthe antebellum era. The most evident struggle of these children is who to have the most loyalty to. Who should the child listen to when it comes to its survival? Should the child be loyal to the Master or its parents? This was the struggle between the will of the Owner and the wants of the parents. The struggle to gain the loyalty of the child typically would go to the parents except in a few cases where the child was raised away from its parents and in the owner’s house. Who has th e most influenceRead MoreWhat is Emotional Abuse?1154 Words   |  5 PagesEmotional abuse refers to a pattern of behavior of the caregivers or parents, which interferes the cognitive, psychological, emotional as well as social development of the child in a serious or severe manner. Emotional child abuse therefore refers to a persistent and severe ill handling or treatment of the child by the caregiver or parent. Emotional abuse may be the only form of mental challenger the child is suffering from or it may be a combination of many other effects or child neglect. This may

Divorce And Divorce - 1479 Words

Divorce/ separation is one issue that I saw preeminent in my extended family. My grandmother, uncles, aunts, cousins and even myself, we had encounter divorce/separation. My nuclear and extended family is full Mexican, our culture is you marry the love of your life and live happily ever after. Apparently, that did not happen to myself or other members of my extended family. I growth with some believes that end up changing my perspective of marriage 360degreess. The importance of Marriage Hispanics children, specifically girls learn at a very early age the importance of marriage and family piety. As a result of their own devotion to family, Mexicans Americans are more likely than others in the US to marry at younger ages and have a more†¦show more content†¦I always highlight myself from others and marriage was not different I had a better income, title, position, car, than my ex-husband and he told me that the change of economic conditions, meaning me being better than him put him down. I do think this is important to note. I could not let myself be less or degrade just because another individual could not keep up what I was doing. Depression It was found, that the relationships between marital separation and high depression scores among both Anglos and Mexican Americans suggest that this class of life event is stressful for persons regardless of their social backgrounds. (Vega, W. A., Warheit, G. J., Meinhardt, K. 1984). Before I file for divorce I was separated and while that situation happened I was emotionally unstable and fall into severe depression. I never saw myself being divorce at 25 years old, or even feeling the loneliness that’s was consuming me. This has been the experience where I suffer and learn the most in my entire life. Challenges Divorcees may also experience anxiety and uncertainty over the challenges of restarting their lives ï ¬ nancially, emotionally, and socially. For all these reasons, divorced persons may be particularly vulnerable to feelings of depression and distress (Aseltine Kessler, 1993; Booth Amato, 1991). Is not just being sad about ending a relationship but everything that you put into. I try my best to keep the marriage together, but IShow MoreRelatedThe Divorce Of A Divorce941 Words   |  4 Pagesanymore. When they are unable to maintain their marriage, their solution is to choose is divorce. Divorce, is defined as, the legal dissolution of a marriage by a court or other competent body. In today’s society, divorce is more normal than ever before due to unhappy marriages. The effects of the divorce are emotional effects, financial problems, and direction to an improved lifestyle. When it comes to divorce there s so many emotions that are being effected in the situation such as depression, happinessRead MoreDivorce : The Divorce Rate1662 Words   |  7 PagesThe divorce rate, while fluctuating over time, has reached high percentages lately. As Coltrane and Adams posit, the high divorce rates are due in part to the fact that the expectations of marriage are high in high esteem. When it does not work out, people are anxious to try again to find the perfect partner. Divorce is what allows people that opportunity (Coltrane and Adams p. 201). However, the intricacies of divorce are complicated. Much of the conversation of divorce is focused on fault andRead MoreDivorce And The Divorce Process1471 Words   |  6 Pagesthe subject of divorce, it became very apparent that the stressors leading up to divorce, the entire legal process, adjusting to life afterward and everything in between, left little more than devastation in its wake. By and large, divorce is incred ibly taxing on several fronts. We will discuss the emotional ramifications of divorce for spouses and children, what environmental factors contribute strongest to the dissolution of marriage, what percentage of marriages end in divorce, and the estimationRead MoreThe Divorce Rate Of Divorce1123 Words   |  5 Pagesrelationship, therefore they choose divorce, which is one of the solutions to cope with problems between husband and wife. Furthermore, most people think carefully before they get marriage. However, the divorce rates trend to continually increase nowadays, thus it might be argued that divorces can be taken place easier than the past. In the United States, researchers estimate that 40%–50% of all first marriages, and 60% of second marriages, will end in divorce. Divorce has always been present in AmericanRead MoreThe Issue Of Divorce And Divorce Essay1672 Words   |  7 PagesIt is common gossip that half of marriages end in divorce. But this gossip is more true t han most would assume. One in every one hundred marriages in North Carolina as well as a genuine half of marriages across the United States end in divorce and, according to Jennifer Lansford, â€Å"50% of American children will experience their parents’ divorce† (140). This rate of separation is essentially a heads-or-tails on marriages to determine whether or not they will work out and if a child will be affectedRead MoreDivorce And Its Effect On Divorce2098 Words   |  9 PagesThe memories of divorce have never been more sorrowful to any age group than the children of divorced parents. Although a couple’s marriage vows usually include the phrase â€Å"till death do us part,† about half of all marriages end up in divorce (â€Å"Divorce†). The reasons for divorce could be very simple as well as they could be complex. Some reasons for divorce are adultery, simple arrogance, dishonesty, insecurity, domestic and sexual abuses. In some situation d ivorce may provide relief from theRead MoreThe Divorce Cycle : The Children Of Divorce986 Words   |  4 Pagesinterested in the topic: consequences in divorce. Being a child of divorced parents is something I have always thought about and how it will effect me later in life with my relationships. I wonder if I am more likely to have a divorce as well because my parents had one. I have found a couple articles that talk about this topic one titled, Understanding the Divorce Cycle: The Children of Divorce in their own Marriages and the another titled, Effects of Parental Divorce on Marital Commitment and ConfidenceRead MoreEffects Of Divorce On Children And Divorce1460 Words   |  6 PagesIn today’s world, most people accept divorce or separation as a way of life. Parents are unaware or do not understand the damage it can have on their children. However, in some instances, it is better to get out of an abusive relationship because that can be as toxic as divorce. On average, 50% of children who are born with married parents, will experience divorce before the age of 18 (Children and Divorce Baucom, 2010-2017). Along with divorce statistics, 40% of children in America are raisedRead MoreDivorce Rate And Divorce Rates1224 Words   |  5 PagesDivorce rate also known as divorce demography, which is the study of demographic factors that impact divorced as a social phenomenon, the divorce demography can clearly evaluate and reflect the marriage stability and happiness index of certain countries or area and that is the reason why data statistics of divorce rate is important. According to ONS (Office of National Statistics), the divorce rate has not been that low since 1974, when it was 0.9%. The number of divorces in 2014 was declined toRead MoreDivorce Effect On Children : Divorce1825 Words   |  8 PagesApril, 2016 Divorce Effect on Children Divorce seems to become more and more common nowadays. Divorce can be a simple or complicated process depending if children are involved. This process can have negative and positive effects in a child s life. A divorce is the legal process of a marriage coming apart. A divorce with children involve cost more and takes about eleven months for the marriage to end. The majority of the divorces happening in the United States involve children. Divorce has different

A Critique of the Crito and an Argument for Philosophical Anarchism Free Essays

string(209) " of the mugger and the unjust state, they suffer only in their reputation, losing the respect or fear and subsequent power they might have otherwise enjoyed, yet which, for their failure, they do not deserve\." A Critique of the Crito and an Argument for Philosophical Anarchism by Forrest Cameranesi In this essay I will present a summary and critique of Plato’s dialogue Crito, focusing especially on Socrates’ arguments in favor of his obligatory obedience to the Athenian state’s death sentence. In response I will argue the position that no one naturally holds any obligation to obey the arbitrary commands of another (or any body of others such as a state), and further that no one can come to hold such obligations even by contract; although people may still be obligated to obey commands issued to them, when what is commanded is obligatory independent of it being commanded by anyone. Thus I will argue that that if, as both Socrates and Crito presume, the command that Socrates be executed is contrary to true justice (that is, contrary to any natural moral obligations, independent of its legality), then Socrates has no obligation to obey it; and in fact those tasked to carry out the order are morally obligated to disobey it, and by their obedience become conspirators to a moral crime. We will write a custom essay sample on A Critique of the Crito and an Argument for Philosophical Anarchism or any similar topic only for you Order Now The dialogue begins with Socrates in prison, awakening to Crito’s presence in his cell, Crito having bribed the guards to gain entry. After brief pleasantries and some talk of when the day of Socrates’ execution will fall, Crito admits to Socrates that his purpose there is to free him from prison and take him abroad to Thessaly, which he assures him can be successfully done thanks to the aid of a number of foreign benefactors. But Socrates is hesitant to leave, believing himself obliged to remain and allow his punishment to be completed, even though his sentence, they both concede, is unjust. Still, Socrates is eager to be convinced otherwise, if Crito can do so by means of reason, and so Crito plies Socrates with many arguments in favor of his escape, arguing not only that it is possible and desirable to escape, and that Socrates could live well outside of Athens, but that it is the just thing to do: for the sake of the welfare of his children, who will suffer without his care; for the sake of standing fast against his enemies in the state of Athens, who are attempting to wrong him by this sentence; and for the sake of his friends’ reputations, which will be besmirched by those who know either Socrates nor his friends, and will think that Socrates died only because his friends could not or would not buy his freedom. But Socrates dismisses these arguments, especially the last, arguing at length that the opinions of the many are not a relevant consideration in any such decision; a very important argument, to which I will return later in this essay. For now the relev ant point is that Socrates’ only concern, in the question of whether or not to escape, is whether or not escaping is just; not what people at large may think of their decision or what other consequences may follow from it. On the topic of justice, and counter to Crito’s argument that Socrates is obliged to fight back against wrongs committed against him, Socrates suggests (and Crito accepts) the principle that to return harm for harm is harmful, to return evil for evil is evil, to return injustice for injustice is unjust, etc. ; and thus that such vengeance ought not be perpetrated, for it is just as harmful, evil and unjust as the act being avenged, and one must never do such wrongs. Socrates considers it harmful and unjust to the state to disobey its laws, and feels thus obligated to obey them instead, for to do otherwise would be harmful, unjust, and wrong; and here I disagree with Socrates. Though I accept his principle of justice, that one must not return wrongs in kind for to do so is merely to do more wrong, I do not believe that merely resisting attempted harm to oneself necessarily harms the attacker; and even if the attacker does suffer harm from the resistance it is as a result of his own wrongdoing, not any wrongdoing on the part of the defendant. If someone attempts to strike at me, I step out of his way, and he falls on his face as a consequence, I have not harmed him, although he has come to harm. If he attempts to strike at me, I hold up a shield, and he injures his fist upon it, I have not harmed him, although he has come to harm. Somewhat more analogously to the case at hand, â€Å"harm† may come to a street gang initiate whose initiation task is to mug me, inasmuch as he loses his status within the gang (and perhaps the gang itself loses status in the community), should I evade him and escape; but certainly I did not do that harm, though it was a consequence of my actions. Likewise, â€Å"harm† may come to the state as a consequence of successful disobedience against it, inasmuch as its power and thus its authority will be less respected, but this is not the same as the disobedient one directly harming the state, say in the way a foreign conqueror would. None of these situations involve doing anything directly to harm the aggressor, but rather only the consequences of the aggressor’s own actions failing. Thus, such resistance is not prohibited by the principle that one ought never do harm, for one is not doing harm merely by evading harm, even if harm indirectly results as a consequence of such evasion. Certainly we would not say that it is obligatory to allow oneself to be assaulted or robbed, even if we say that to retaliate in kind is forbidden. In all these circumstances, the aggressors are being harmed as a consequence of their own actions; and in the latter two cases, of the mugger and the unjust state, they suffer only in their reputation, losing the respect or fear and subsequent power they might have otherwise enjoyed, yet which, for their failure, they do not deserve. You read "A Critique of the Crito and an Argument for Philosophical Anarchism" in category "Essay examples" In my third example, as in the case before Socrates and Crito, the only loss suffered is a loss of reputation and the power that reputation often entails. This connection between reputation and power is an important facet of my argument, for it is self-evident to me that the only significant power the state itself has is its reputation, the respect and obedience that people give to it; with no obedient subjects to enforce its laws over those who are not so obedient, or with insufficient portions of the populace willing to tolerate such enforcement, the state would have no power. In fact I argue that in such a case the state would not exist; and really, that no states ever truly exist, in any strict sense. There are merely masses of people, with an assortment of opinions on what is good, bad, morally neutral, permissible, impermissible, and obligatory; all of whom exert whatever influence they can manage, by whatever means they find best, to see that their opinions on such matters are enforced — that justice, as they understand it, prevails. And when some person or block of people manages to secure sufficiently unchallenged influence ver the behavior of the other people in an area (that is, when sufficient people act to enforce one code of behavior and a sufficient portion of the remainder tolerate them), we falsely attribute the existence of some sort of social entity above and beyond the collection of individual people, and call that entity the â€Å"state†. But even a monarch only has his power because enough people believe in and support the monarchy, and enough of the remainder tolerate it; as has been demonstrated wherever a monarchy was overthrown from within by a democratic revolution. It is important to note, however, that this does not mean that democracy entails legitimacy; it only means that all states are on some deep level democratic, differing only in the degree that the people delegate their power to other people, in effect casting their vote as â€Å"whatever he says. † The prevailing opinions may still be entirely wrong; I merely claim that it will nearly always be the majority opinion which prevails. I say â€Å"nearly† because this phenomenon is dependent upon the relatively small differences in true personal power between most individuals, which are quickly diluted in larger groups, but still present in sufficiently small groups. A knight may be stronger and more skilled than any peasant, but it does not take many fed-up peasants working together to counter the power of that knight, so as the size of the group the knight is a part of grows, his relative power over the whole group decreases rapidly, unless it is bolstered by the support or at least tolerance of other members of the group. Thus for groups of any significant size, the differences in personal power between individuals can be safely ignored, and so the determining factor is not who supports a position but how many support it). The opinions of the people who encompass the legislature of this â€Å"state† — be it one person as in an absolute monarchy, some minority in an oligarchy, or the majority in a direct democracy — then become â€Å"the law†. Those things judged by such people as obligatory become required by law; those things judged as forbidden become prohibited by law; and those things judged as permissible are allowed by the law. But in any form of government, especially in a direct democracy such as ancient Athens, the laws of men are nothing but the opinions of men backed by power, that power resting ultimately in the will of the majority; the only differences between government thus being the degree and structure of power delegation, and what the opinions of those delegates are. With it thus established that states are no more than masses of people and their laws no more than the opinions of said people backed by power, not only do I object to Socrates’ insistence that he must be obedient to the state’s death sentence, but it is plainly obvious to me that Socrates himself ought to conclude this, if he was to be consistent with his own earlier position that the opinions of men, as such, are irrelevant, no matter what power they may be backed by. But why, my dear Crito, should we care about the opinion of the many? † says Socrates. â€Å"Good men †¦ are the only persons who are worth considering†. Crito eventually concedes this point, agreeing that the opinions of the many are irrelevant; only the opinions of good men matter. But what is it that makes a man good? Is that not part of what is at question here: which sorts of acts are right and which are wrong, which are just or unjust? (A good man, I take it, being one who acts ri ghtly or justly). Certainly being good cannot be merely being seen as good in the eyes of the many, or supporting the commands of the many, for then the opinions of the many and the opinions of good men could never conflict, as good men by definition would always be of the opinion that the majority is right; and Socrates’ statements differentiating their opinions would make no sense. So Socrates must agree that goodness is something objective, independent of the opinions of the many. Yet in the dialogue, after Socrates and Crito discuss at some length their agreement to disregard the opinions of the many in considering what ought or ought not be done, and to consider only what is or is not just, Socrates proclaims â€Å"From these premises I proceed to argue the question whether I ought or ought not to try to escape without the consent of the Athenians†. But from where does this concern for the consent of the Athenians come, when we have just disregarded the opinions of the many (in this case the many of Athens); for what is consent if not simply the opinion that something ought to be permitted? Socrates answers, in the voice of the Laws of Athens (speaking to him): â€Å"You, Socrates, are breaking the covenants and agreements which you made with us at your leisure, not in any haste or under any compulsion or deception, but having had seventy years to think of them, during which time you were at liberty to leave the city, if we were not to your mind, or if our covenants appeared to you to be unfair. In short, Socrates is concerned with his obedience to the people of Athens (or at least the government collectively representing them) because he feels he has implicitly agreed to be bound by the decisions of the Athenian government by remaining in the city. But in response I argue that no one can, by any contract implicit or explicit, alter the natural moral obligations which are binding on all men at all times. The most exemplary and broadly agreeable instantiation of this principle is that one cannot sell oneself into slavery, for all men have natural rights (which is to say, obligations naturally owed to them by others) which they cannot give up even if they so choose. For instance, if we grant that all are naturally obliged to refrain from striking me except in such instances as I consent to them doing so, then while I may vary whether or not I consent to be struck, and thus vary whether or not it is morally permissible to strike me at that moment, I cannot vary whether or not it is morally permissible to strike me contrary to my consent, for it is naturally obligatory that none do so. That is, I cannot, in a morally binding way, agree that â€Å"henceforth so-and-so may strike me as he pleases regardless of my consent at that moment†. Any such contract offering terms contrary to natural obligations is invalid; and thus contracts of slavery, whereby one waives all of ones natural rights (which is to say, all obligations naturally owed to oneself by others), are the epitome of invalid contracts. This relates to the situation at hand with Socrates and Crito in that a contract to obey the arbitrary commands of some entity (e. g. the state of Athens), provided only that they are issued forth in prescribed proper manner (e. . by the formal proceedings of the Athenian court) and otherwise irrespective of the contents of those commands, seems to me no different than a contract to slavery, with the entity in question (the state) as the slave master; for what is slavery but complete subjugation to the arbitrary will of another? Socrates himself admits this similarity, saying (once again in the voice of the Laws, speaking to himself) â€Å"can you deny in the first place that you are our child and slave? Yet Socrates has a reply here as well, already quoted above: he has had many years in which he was free to leave the city if he did not wish to be bound by its laws, and by remaining he has implicitly agreed to be bound by them. Certainly a man cannot be a slave if he is free to leave his bonds at any time. But I respond that even such â€Å"voluntary† bonds are contractually invalid, for remaining on the lands of another still does not make one subject to the arbitrary will of the landowner. The only obligation owed to the owner of some property, as such, is to refrain from acting upon his property contrary to his consent. Likewise the only punishment the property owner may apply simply for disobeying his commands (but not violating any natural obligations, e. g. harming someone or their property, which may warrant further punishment) is to refuse him the use of his property; in the case of land, ejecting him from the premises. By voluntarily entering and remaining in my home, my guests do not become subject to my arbitrary authority, to be enforced as I see fit; at most I have the authority to eject them from my home, if I grow tired of their presence there. Nor by voluntarily entering a corporate office do I become subject to the authority of the corporation, beyond the revocability of my permission to remain therein. Likewise, even if we grant that the city of Athens is the property of the state of Athens (i. e. of its people collectively, rather than parcelled out into individually owned plots), the greatest punishment morally justified simply for behaving in ways the state dislikes (but not in any way which is truly unjust) is banishment from the city. Thus, while the state may have the moral authority to forbid and punish legitimate injustices (which I agree it does, though no more so than any individual), it does not have the moral authority to enforce its arbitrary will upon those who reside within its borders; it merely has the authority to eject them from its lands if it chooses to do so, for which it needs no cause at all, if it is indeed the legitimate owner of those lands. Thus if Socrates truly believes that he has done nothing unjust, then he should not (if accepts my principle regarding contracts and natural obligations) feel subject to the punishment decreed for him, though he may concede the state’s authority to banish him, if he holds the state to be the legitimate owner of the city. I would further question whether it is right to presume that a state is the legitimate owner of its territory (rather than each citizen owning their own portion in private, as well as some public portions in common), and thus whether it even has the authority to banish the disobedient; but that is another lengthy topic, for which I do not have room in this essay. In conclusion, I see no reason for Socrates to consider the will of the people of Athens (as channeled via their government) binding pon him; and I believe he should seek an answer to the question at hand, whether or not to escape from his punishment, solely by asking whether he has done anything to warrant that punishment — and it appears that he believes he has not. There is no guarantee that his opinion on this matter is correct; the state of Athens may in fact be correct, and thus Socrtes’ punishment just. But to defer to the public opinion over one’s best judgment is never epistemologically sound. Men of reason do not turn to authority, even democratic authority, to answer questions of biology or chemistry or physics, but instead we appeal to evidence and sound logical arguments to determine the answers; and I see no reason why questions of ethics should be subject to any less rigorous and independent methodologies. By denying that any person, text, or institution has any special epistemic or alethic authority (the ability to magically divine or reveal the truth, or to create it by fiat), we do not deny the existence of objective truth. Nor by denying that any king, law book, or legislature has any special deontic authority (the ability to magically divine or reveal our obligations, or to create them by fiat) do we deny that there are objective standards of justice. In both cases we merely concede that we are all in the same standing regarding truth or justice, respectively; and we leave it to each individual to seek it for themselves, to sway others with arguments where they can, and to act upon it as they deem necessary or appropriate, regardless of decrees or prior agreements to the contrary. How to cite A Critique of the Crito and an Argument for Philosophical Anarchism, Essay examples

Marketing And Entreprenship

Question: Discuss about theMarketing And Entreprenship. Answer: Introduction: The Marketing of Water Aid Water Aid is a global non-profit organization which was established in the year 1981 as a response to the United Nation International Drinking Water and Sanitation. It is a charitable trust which was set up by United Kingdom Water Industry on 21st of July 1981. The organization remunerate to all their staff fairly and to benchmark themselves against other non-governmental organizations. The Board of Trustees includes a Remuneration Committee that reviews the policies of the people regarding payments and benefits (Reid, 2009). The salaries of the Chief Executive and directors were set with the reference to market data per individual role. Therefore, from the above salary structure, it is quite clear that Water Aid is also making profits or else how could they afford to provide those salaries. By 1987, the income of the organization exceeded one million per annum. In 2005-2006, the account recorded an income of twenty six million. In 2011-12, it increased to fifty five million in Unite d Kingdom. The critical understanding of the marketing of Water Aid is to know the customers and their needs. It is important for the cheese industry to build beneficial relationships with potential clients. Water Aid visits and surveys different places in the world, jots down the issues and challenges the people are facing regarding water and sanitation. Then they applies their marketing methods to improve their lives. The organization also follows the marketing mix model. With the help of this model, they involves their marketing strategy such as setting cheap price for those who incomes and providing free delivery of clean water to poor people. The Use of Billabong to Customers The organization Billabong International Limited is a surfing company which provides the clients with retailing products such as surfing watches and backpacks, snowboard, skateboards and other products of famous brands. The particular organization is an Australian Company. Their key influence on marketing consists of factors such as customer laws and choice along with their ethical considerations. The marketing objectives of Billabong is to increase their market shares as well as enhance the satisfaction of the customers. Therefore, they provides their clients with full range of surfing products. Consequently, the customer gets satisfied with surfing games by using their products. Billabong launched a digital marketing campaign in July 28 in order to feature their surfing contests and microsite (Herran and Thomas, 2004). The company designed I Surf because by working with the boutique collaborative agency named Design Royale. They launched because of customer acquisition effort. The general target of the company is 12-25 years clients who perform surfing professionally and also as an adventure. Their primary business goal is to acquire new young customers and today youngsters are more inclined to surfing games. Consequently, Billabong is able to make relationships with their targeted customers. The organization is also providing their clients with online facilities such as www.isurfbecause.com. In this website, the fans are asked to post their comments why they want and also love to surf. There are also fan pages on Facebook and Twitter. In this way, the company is also connected with the customers. Expanding Income in Northern Islands of New Zealand by Wensleydale Creamery Wensleydale is a cheese company which produces and provides cheese in Wensleydale, North Yorkshire, England. Presently, the organization became the largest commercial creameries throughout the United Kingdom. In New Zealand, cheese continued to lead within diary industry in 2015 with twenty-two percent of dairy value sales (More Wensleydale, Gromit?, 2013). The people of New Zealand are very fond of cheese as well as cheese related products. Recently, the consumer demand and awareness of cheese have increased and as a result, the variants of cheese has also increased. The consumer demands increased because population increased and for that people need to enhance their livelihood through increased production. Therefore, Wensleydale Creamery has a great opportunity to extend their market and profit in North Islands of New Zealand. Wensleydale Creamery can follow the marketing mix to expand their profit in North Islands of New Zealand. The marketing mix or the four Ps consists of produc t, promotion, place and price. At first, the organization should make such cheese products by which they can fulfill the demands of the customers. Since New Zealand is famous for cheese and so the company must produce high-quality products to achieve competitive advantage. Secondly, the promotion process of this organization includes advertising, media marketing, and giving ads in newspapers and so on. Wensleydale Creamery is looking to expand their cheese market in North Islands of New Zealand. The prices should be made according to the currency value of New Zealand. If the products are good, then the consumers will be willing to pay a high price for good cheese products. Besides that, Gourmet Cheese is famous all over the world, so Wensleydale Creamery should manufacture it on North Islands of New Zealand (McCloy, 2008). The company should also provide the customers with online shopping facilities which will include varieties of buying options for cheese. For example, customers can buy cheese slices with other ingredients such as salad Caprese, olive oils, Spanish nuts and gourmet crackers. The company can also sell wine and cheese pairings along with featuring local artist or musician. Cheese are lovable to all, and so there is no particular market segmentation. But Wensleydale must keep one thing in mind that most of the youngsters and middle aged persons consume cheese in huge amount. In this way, Wensleydale Creamery can achieve their target market in North Islands of New Zealand. It is important for the company to make a marketing plan, SWOT analysis and cost effective marketing to grip the cheese market of New Zealand firmly because Evansdale C heese and Open Country Dairy has presently captured the market. Good strategies are required to accomplish the competitive advantage. It will be best for the company if they first run the business by creating joint ventures with local businesses to get manpower and quality resources. It is recommended to keep Wensleydale Creamerys original taste. The company can also install small stalls at the northern corners of New Zealand and sell cheese products. Consequently, it will help them to promote their brand. References Herran, J. and Thomas, R. (2004). Surfing. Philadelphia: Chelsea House. McCloy, N. (2008). Made in New Zealand. Auckland, N.Z.: Random House. More Wensleydale, Gromit?. (2013). BDJ, 215(1), pp.9-9. Reid, T. (2009). Biophysics: Water aid. Nature China.